不同退化程度高寒草地土壤有机碳分布特征

在青海省三江源区选择了甘德县青珍乡高寒草甸和玛多县花石峡镇高寒草原典型样区,各划分5种不同退化程度样地(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化),分层采集0~10,10~20和20~30 cm不同深度土层样品,分析土壤有机碳含量。结果表明:研究区内高寒草地土壤表土有机碳含量及有机碳密度均随退化程度的加剧和土层的加深呈显著下降,各退化程度间均差异极显著(P0.01)。与原生植被相比,轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化下0~30 cm土层有机碳含量在青珍样地分别平均降低了21.7%,38.8%,67.4%和79.6%,花石峡样地分别平均降低了19.4%,44.4%,67.0%和79.7%。表层土壤有机碳及有机碳密度在生态系统退化下变化剧烈,不同土层不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量及有机碳密度均高于高寒草原草地,估计退化下土壤有机碳密度平均下降了16 t/hm2,累积退化下表土有机碳损失可能在12 Pg以上。     

不同生态修复措施对毛乌素沙化草地土壤碳的短期影响

为揭示不同生态修复措施下土壤碳在沙化草地的短期分布特征，以毛乌素沙地为研究对象，选取施肥、补播、喷藻、施肥+补播、藻类拌种+补播5种生态修复措施，并以围封样地作为对照，对0-30 cm深度下土壤全碳、土壤有机碳、土壤无机碳、易氧化有机碳，以及惰性有机碳进行分析。结果表明：施肥(AF)这一措施，对土壤有机碳的影响较大，通过施肥措施0-10 cm的土层中土壤有机碳的含量提升了73.75%;在补播(RS)下，对土壤中各类碳的影响较小；喷藻(AS)措施对土壤无机碳、土壤惰性有机碳影响较明显；施肥+补播(AF+RS)措施对土壤碳含量有明显的提升，该修复措施下土壤全碳显著高于对照区；藻类拌种+补播(A+RS)措施同样影响着各类土壤碳含量。由于实验时间较短，土壤碳的变动主要集中在0-10 cm的土层中。在10-20 cm、20-30 cm的土层中不同修复措施对土壤碳的影响均没有显著的差异性。     

科尔沁改良草场土壤全碳、全氮空间分布

以科尔沁盐碱地改良草场为研究对象,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法,研究退化草场改良5年和改良1年后土壤全碳和全氮的含量变化及空间分布特征。结果表明,改良1年退化草场土壤全碳和全氮含量高于改良5年的退化草场,其中土壤全氮含量二者差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);与改良5年退化草场相比,改良1年土壤全碳和全氮的基台值和空间相关度较小,而变程和分数维较大,说明改良1年退化草场土壤全碳和全氮空间变异性小于改良5年退化草场。克里格制图直观地反映了不同改良年限土壤全碳和全氮的空间结构差异,这种差异可能与草地翻耕和自然植被恢复有关。为此,建议采取牧草还田或施加化肥来提高土壤肥力和保护草场改良工程的实施效果。     

炼山和套种绿肥对桉树人工林下植物和土壤C:N:P化学计量特征的影响

【目的】研究炼山和套种绿肥对桉树人工林林下植物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征的影响,阐明炼山和套种绿肥条件下桉树人工林林下植物与土壤C、N、P的作用关系。【方法】在凭祥市热带林业实验中心青山试验场测定炼山和套种绿肥(山毛豆)处理下的桉树人工林林下植物与土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征的变化规律。【结果】桉树人工林林下植物灌上(灌木层地上部分)有机碳、全氮含量最高,全磷含量最低;土壤有机碳和全氮含量随土壤层次的加深而递减,而土壤全磷则呈表层土的含量最高,随后减少再逐渐回升的趋势。炼山处理降低了林下植物中的有机碳、全氮含量,尤其是草上(草本层地上部分)和灌上(P0.05),却提高灌下(灌木层地下部分)的全磷含量(P0.05);炼山降低0～60cm土层的有机碳及全磷含量,降低0～10cm土层的全氮含量,提高10～60cm土层的全氮含量。套种绿肥后,林下植物有机碳含量降低,灌木层的全氮含量提高;显著降低草本层的全磷含量,而显著提高灌上的全磷含量;显著降低0～10cm的土壤有机碳及全磷含量(P0.05),小幅度降低0～10cm、10～20cm土层的全氮含量(P0.05)。炼山+套种绿肥处理,土壤表层0～10cm有机碳和全氮含量显著提高,林下植物草上全氮和全磷含量显著增加(P0.05);与单一的炼山或套种绿肥处理恰好相反。炼山提高林下植物生态化学计量比值,却降低土壤生态化学计量比值;套种绿肥总体上提高林下植物的N∶P和C∶P,降低林下植物的C∶N和土壤生态化学计量比值;炼山+套种绿肥对土壤生态化学计量比影响显著,总体降低林下植物的生态化学计量比,尤其是草上及灌上组分(P0.05)。林下草本和灌木层植物的地上部分与土壤的生态化学计量比呈负相关关系。【结论】炼山和套种绿肥对桉树人工林林下植物与土壤C∶N∶P化学计量特征有显著影响,炼山+套种绿肥比单一处理的方式更有利于提高土壤表层0～10cm有机碳和全氮含量以及林下草本植物地上部分全氮和全磷含量。     

西宁市不同功能城区土壤化学性质研究

对西宁市6个不同功能城区土壤化学性质进行了分析。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效磷含量以风景区最高;土壤速效氮含量以老居民区最高;pH以开发区最高,呈趋碱性演变。在6个功能区,3个土层样品其全磷和速效氮的含量差异均不显著(P0.05);0～5 cm和5～20 cm两个土层样品的pH差异不显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层,风景区与开发区差异显著(P0.05);全氮含量:0～5 cm土层,6个功能区差异均不显著(P0.05),5～20 cm土层风景区分别与商业区、老居民区、广场区和开发区差异显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层与开发区差异显著(P0.05);有机碳含量:在0～5 cm土层,风景区分别与广场区和开发区差异显著(P0.05),5～20 cm土层与开发区和商业区差异显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层与开发区差异显著(P0.05);速效磷含量:0～5 cm和5～20 cm土层,风景区与矿冶区间差异显著(P0.05),50～60 cm土层分别与矿冶区、开发区、广场区和老居民区均差异显著(P0.05)。城市土壤养分在剖面中呈现没有规律性分布。     

陕北黄土丘陵区土壤碳氮库对人工植被恢复的响应

为揭示陕北黄土丘陵区深层土壤碳氮含量及储量对不同人工植被恢复的响应特征,在典型退耕还林区,选择恢复30年的人工刺槐、柠条林地、撂荒地及坡耕地,分析0～200 cm土层有机碳和全氮剖面分布和数量的变化状况.结果表明:不同植被类型有机碳和全氮含量均在0～100 cm土层随土层加深呈下降趋势,而100～ 200 cm趋于平缓.较坡耕地,3种植被下100～200 cm深层土壤有机碳密度平均增加7.93 Mg/hm2,全氮密度平均增加0.65 Mg/hm2.且3种植被下100～200 cm深层土壤有机碳和氮密度平均分别占到0～200 cm深土壤的24.4％和26.7％,分别是坡耕地的1.52倍和1.85倍.因此,长期人工植被恢复下能够增加土壤深层(0～ 200 cm)有机碳和全氮储量,并且以刺槐林提升土壤碳氮储量潜力较高.     

冀北辽河源自然保护区油松林火烧迹地土壤化学性质研究

以冀北辽河源自然保护区油松林火烧迹地为研究区,研究不同土壤深度(>0~5cm、>5~10cm、>10~20cm)以及不同火强度(未火烧、轻度、中度、重度和极度)干扰下油松林土壤化学性质,对火烧迹地土壤的改良和油松林的恢复更新具有实践意义.研究结果表明:火烧1年后,土壤pH 有所升高;土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾质量分数除在极度火强度下,其他火强度下都有所升高;磷和有效磷在过火土壤中的质量分数亦增加;土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全钾、全磷和有效磷质量分数在土层垂直分布上的状况为表层土大于深层土.因此,火烧对土壤表层产生较大影响且强度合理的火干扰可以有效提高土壤肥力.      

青海湖高寒湿地土壤有机碳空间分布分析

作为陆地碳库的主要部分,土壤有机碳在全球碳循环中起着重要作用.本文选取环青海湖高寒湿地土壤为研究对象,对土壤有机碳含量的变化特征及其空间变异性进行了研究.结果显示,环青海湖区土壤有机碳0-10cm表层含量最高,均值为2.82±1.56%,随着土层深度的加深其含量逐渐降低.10-20cm、20-30cm和30-40cm土层的有机碳平均含量依次为2.01±1.03%、1.63±0.87%和1.21±0.91%;整个研究区0-40cm土壤有机碳平均含量仅为1.92±1.27%.半方差函数和变异函数分析结果说明,0-10cm,10-20cm和20-30cm土层土壤有机碳含量的模型均符合球状模型,30-40cm土层土壤有机碳含量和0-40cm土壤有机碳平均含量的模型为指数模型.而且在各向同性和各向异性下不同深度土壤有机碳均具有高度的空间异质性.     

野生马缨杜鹃林土壤化学计量特征

以贵州百里杜鹃国家森林公园内野生马缨杜鹃(Rhododendron delavayi)林下的土壤为研究对象,通过测定不同土层中土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)等养分含量,计算其化学计量比,分析不同土层中土壤养分含量与化学计量特征的变化规律。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,SOC、TN和TP含量均表现出递减趋势,pH值表现出升高趋势,TK含量则表现为先升高后降低;不同土层深度土壤的化学计量比为C∶P C∶N C∶K N∶P N∶K P∶K,0～10 cm的土壤层C∶P、N∶P、C∶K、N∶K与其他土壤层均差异显著,10～20 cm土壤层的C∶P、C∶K与其他土壤层均差异显著。TK、pH与其他指标均为负相关关系,其中pH与C∶P、N∶P、C∶K、N∶K为极显著负相关关系。聚类分析发现TP和TN是区分各土层差异的主要组分。     

草地造林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳下降

为了解天然草地造林后土壤可溶性有机碳的变化,以河北塞罕坝的羊草草甸草原以及在草甸草原上营造的樟子松人工林和落叶松人工林为研究对象,比较了3种植被类型土壤表层0-30cm的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤总有机碳和土壤全氮等指标。结果表明,人工针叶林的土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮含量均低于草甸草原,天然草地营造人工针叶林40年后土壤可溶性有机碳、土壤有机碳和土壤全氮都有所下降,人工林生态系统的土壤异质性低于草甸草原。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to