镧对呋喃树脂炭的催化石墨化

报道了镧对呋喃树脂炭的催化石墨化.把氯化镧均匀分散在呋喃树脂中,然后在180℃左右固化,600℃炭化;最后将含有镧的呋喃树脂炭于不同温度下进行热处理.采用X射线衍射分析仪考察镧对呋喃树脂炭的催化石墨化效果,通过Scherrer和Bragg方程分别计算石墨表观微晶尺寸(Lc)和(002)面的层间距(d002);采用扫描电子显微镜观察炭材料的形貌变化.结果表明镧对呋喃树脂炭具有明显的催化石墨化作用;呋喃树脂炭的石墨化度随镧含量的增加而增加,并随热处理温度的升高有明显变化.在2 400℃时,石墨化效果最好,最小d002值为0.336 0nm,相应的石墨化度为93%.炭的催化石墨化机理遵循碳化物分解和碳的熔解析出机理.     

XRD分峰拟合法测定炭材料的石墨化度和结晶度

以标准Si粉为内标相,采用内标法测定了5个石墨化炭材料的XRD图谱,用Profit软件对其进行分峰拟合,并计算出每个材料的石墨化度和结晶度指标.结果表明,两个指标联合使用对炭材料结构表征更为充分.用Profit软件拟合分峰之前预先剔除kα2,在拟合过程中,采用手动取切线扣除背底的方式是提高试验重现性的较好方法.     

(Ni0.75Fe0.25)73Nb5Si10B12非晶合金的等温晶化与结构转变

采用旋铸急冷工艺在大气环境中制各出了（Ni0.75Fe0.25）73Nb5Si10B12非晶合金带材．X射线衍射分析表明，样品为完全非晶．采用DiamondTG／DTA差热分析仪测量了非晶薄带的热稳定性及其相关参数Tg、Tx、Tm等．在720、750、800K分别对试样进行等温退火处理，在通商纯氢气保护下保温60min利用X射线衍射分析了非晶合金等温晶化时相转变及组织转变．在720K退火，组织仅发生少量晶化，先析出γ-（Fe，Ni）固溶体相；750K时发生部分晶化，组织为γ-（Fe，Ni）固溶体、（Fe，Ni）23nB6、Ni31Si12和Nb2Ni0.16；800K时合金完全晶化，组织与750K时相同．     

CVD法制备质子交换膜燃料电池用炭纤维纸

采用干法成型技术制备聚丙烯腈（PAN）基炭纤维纸坯体,用化学气相沉积（CVD）法将其制备成炭纸,并在2000℃进行石墨化处理。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和偏光显微分析（PLM）观察炭纸及坯体的显微结构,利用X射线衍射仪测试炭纸的石墨化度,并利用四探针法测试炭纸的导电性能。研究结果表明：采用干法成型技术制备的炭纸坯体是由炭纤维随机堆积构成的网络结构,孔隙分布较均匀;采用CVD工艺所制备的热解炭具有粗糙层结构特征;炭纸中纤维由热解炭紧密连接;炭纸的平均石墨化度高达82．2％,大于日本Toray炭纸和加拿大Ballard炭纸的石墨化度。CVD法沉积的热解炭改善了炭纸的导电性能,其体电阻率为3313mΩ·cm,低于Toray炭纸和Ballard炭纸的体电阻率（分别为45.2和135．9mΩ·cm）其面电阻率为6．0mΩ·cm,低于Toray炭纸和Ballard炭纸的面电阻率（分别为6．4和16．3m．Ω·cm）。     

纳米尺度碳的微结构及电化学性质

采用高分辨透射电镜、X射线衍射表征了3种不同纳米尺度碳的石墨碎片微结构及其石墨化程度,并采用线性扫描、交流阻抗方法对由纳米尺度的碳粒制备电极的电化学性质进行了研究.结果发现:随纳米尺度碳粒石墨化度的减小,石墨碎片卷曲形态的清晰度增加,对应电极对甲醇的电化学氧化能力增强,氧化峰电流及电容值增加.由此认为:石墨碎片的卷曲和石墨化属于两种不同形式的碳原子有序化,二者均可对纳米尺度碳粒的电化学性质产生影响.     

纳米SiC对C/C复合材料石墨化与抗氧化性能的影响规律

本文制备纳米SiC基体改性的SiC-C/C复合材料,利用X射线衍射技术、高分辨率透射电镜等研究SiC对碳材料的石墨化度的影响.纳米SiC能够显著促进碳基体材料的石墨化度,同时通过高分辨率透射电镜在纳米SiC颗粒周围观测到明显的石墨化结构,并且距离SiC越近,碳基体的石墨化程度越高.通过静态氧化实验研究SiC-C/C复合材料的抗氧化性能.结果表明,随着SiC加入量的增加复合材料的抗氧化性显著提高,纳米SiC在高温下生成较为均匀的SiO2保护层,覆盖在碳材料的表面,阻碍氧气与碳材料的接触,并且SiC含量越高,形成的保护层越厚,抗氧化能力越强.     

一种新颖煤基球形碳及其形成机理

介绍了一种以煤为原料制得的形态新颖独特的球形炭材料，并用扫描电镜（SEM），能量散射X射线探针（EDX）、X射线衍射（XRD）和激光紫外拉曼光谱等技术手术对其进行了研究，初步证实这种球形炭具有良好的结构取向和高度石墨化的内部构型，这种球形炭排列成链状或平板状，而且结构紧凑、表面光滑、粒度分布较均匀，直径在10-20μm，其碳质量分数大于99.5%，这种球形炭材料有望作为新的增强型材料在复合材料等领域获得应用，依据有关等离子体理论和实验结果对这种新颖球形碳材料的形成机理进行了讨论。     

磁控溅射类石墨镀层结构的Raman光谱和XPS分析

利用非平衡磁控溅射离子镀技术在单晶硅片上沉积了类石墨碳镀层,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、激光Raman光谱和X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)等分析方法对镀层的微观结构进行了研究.结果表明:不同成份类石墨碳镀层的Raman光谱与宽化的多晶石墨Raman光谱相似,类石墨碳镀层是以sp2键结构为主,且含有多种纳米团簇颗粒的非晶镀层,sp3键含量在12～15%范围;根据高斯解谱计算,镀层中碳团簇线度为1.2 nm以下,并随铬含量增高而减小;镀层主要由单质碳、铬及其铬氧化物组成,并随铬含量增高,逐步有碳铬化合物形成.     

3种煤沥青炭微观结构及其性能的对比研究

将高温煤沥青、中温煤沥青、浸渍剂沥青在常压下炭化,经2 300 ℃石墨化处理,制备3种煤沥青炭.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察煤沥青炭的显微结构;采用X射线衍射法(XRD)检测煤沥青炭的石墨化度;通过氮吸附法测定煤沥青炭的比表面积(SBET);采用热重(TG/DTG)分析手段测试并分析煤沥青炭的氧化性能.研究结果表明:煤沥青的族组分影响煤沥青炭的形貌,喹啉不溶物含量低有利于流线型结构的形成;高温煤沥青炭微观结构主要以流线型和镶嵌型为主,中温煤沥青炭和浸渍剂沥青炭以流线型为主,但浸渍剂沥青炭流线型结构取向性好;煤沥青炭中含有流线型结构越多,则其石墨化度越高,比表面积越低;煤沥青炭的氧化失重主要发生在700～900 ℃,浸渍剂沥青炭的抗氧化性能最好.     

氨改性介孔Si02用于C02／N2变压吸附分离

在323．15K下,以月桂酸为结构导向剂（SDA）、r-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为助结构导向剂和硅酸乙酯为硅源,采用阴离子表面活性剂法直接合成氨改性介孔Si02（AMS）用于C02／N2变压吸附分离．对样品进行低温N2吸附脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）和透射电镜（TEM）表征,然后用动态法测量其C02、N2穿透曲线并计算吸附量．结果发现,在323．15K、常压下合成吸附剂AMS对C02／N2的吸附量分别为0．60mmol／g和0．03mmol／g．采用抽真空的方法对吸附剂进行再生,发现75％以上的吸附态C02能够解吸,经过多次吸附／解吸循环C02吸附特性不变．同时利用Aspenadsim软件对吸附过程进行模拟,模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.