基于奖惩函数的非对称信息委托代理博弈分析

委托代理本身存在诸多信息不对称、不确定的因素和风险,委托代理双方必须考虑风险的控制和利益的平衡.基于委托人拟支付代理人的工资总额按代理人的名义产出确定,引进奖惩机制遏制代理人的败德行为,运用博弈论中委托代理理论建立了非对称信息下委托-代理模型.并得出给定条件下的最优合同.     

现代企业经营者寻租行为的博弈分析

委托－代理关系一直是契约经济学研究的重点，莫里斯、霍姆斯特等人已经建立了委托－代理理论的正式模型来分析这种关系，以此理论为基础，结合寻租理论，从博弈论的角度分析在企业的委托－代理关系中，代理人（经营者）寻租行为的动因及其它，结论是①在完全信息的条件征，代理人寻租的最优选择取决于委托人监督的概率；②在不完全信息的条件下，代理人寻租是对委托人采取策略的最佳反应，认为完善企业内部和外部的治理结构、建立事前监督和事后处罚机制、通过制定各种代理人的薪酬计划及激励制度等来治理代理人的寻租行为。     

共同代理理论与第三方物流

针对第三方物流存在的委托代理问题,传统的双边委托代理模型值得借鉴.然而,传统的双边委托代理模型中的单一委托人和单一代理人的委托代理关系过于简化,对现实的解释力不强.实际上,第三方物流中委托代理关系在很多情况下是多个委托人和单个代理人的问题,运用共同代理理论将对解释和解决第三方物流中的委托代理问题提供有益的思路.     

委托代理中的目标激励

通过建立模型分析目标激励在委托代理中的作用,可以发现:在没有风险时,物质激励与目标激励效果相同.在存在风险的情况下,目标激励比纯粹物质激励更有效率,带来更多的总剩余,并且,即使在风险较高的情况下,也能保证委托代理关系的存在;当目标激励变为奉献激励时,会导致代理人不作为行为.因此,在无风险的情况下,对代理人应采用物质激励,在有风险的情况下,应对代理人采用目标激励.     

委托代理模型及风险分析

本文从实际出发构造了一类委托代理模型,研究了委托人代理人的风险偏好对激励机制的影响.研究表明：委托人在制定激励机制时应结合自己及对方的风险偏好,这样才能达到有效的激励目的.同时,探讨了协调处理代理人风险分担与风险偏好关系的方法.并通过实例加以分析论证.     

委托代理关系在现代企业制度中的探讨

现代企业组织制度中存在着一系列委托代理关系,基于所有权和经营权相分离的委托代理制既是必要的,又是有效的。西方管理学家对委托人目标和代理人效用函数的不一致性进行了研究,提出了委托代理理论。本文简要介绍这一理论,并就现代企业制度中的委托代理关系进行论述。     

现代企业组织制度中的委托-代理关系

现代企业组织制度中存在一系列委托-代理关系,基于所有权和经营权相分离的委托-代理制既是必要的、有效的,又存在着委托人和代理人的效用函数不同的矛盾.西方管理学家对委托人目标和代理人效用函数的不一致性进行了研究,提出了委托-代理理论.简要介绍了这一理论,并从建立健全激励-约束机制、实行目标管理、培育企业文化和建设规范运行的市场4个方面,论述了建立健全激励-约束,改善委托-代理关系的途径.     

基于概率约束的多级委托-代理模型研究

文章在基于Holmstrom、Milgrom的简化委托-代理模型的基础上,建立了设置二级委托人的委托-代理模型,进而建立了基于概率约束的多级委托-代理模型,用实际收入代替了确定性等价收入,不必知道代理人效用函数的具体形式,避免了代理人的风险规避难的度量问题。最后用简单线性产出函数给予分析,推出了一些有用结论。为解决“搭便车”现象提供一些理论指导。     

供应链中委托代理模型及其促销策略

供应链领域的供应、制造、销售基本环节存在委托代理关系·针对这种关系,构造了制造商、销售商和消费者的委托代理模型·其中制造商即委托人的目标函数是利润最大化,销售商即代理人的激励条件是不低于最低销售利润,销售商及消费者即代理人的参与条件是一组动态方程·这一模型的控制变量是商业折扣和广告费用·文中将上述问题化为一个无约束极值问题,采用进化规划进行了案例优化与仿真分析     

激励设计中棘轮效应的分析

棘轮效应是委托代理关系中委托人与代理人追求目标发生冲突时产生的一种现象。借用单阶段静态分析和双阶段动态分析,认为产生这种现象的根源在于两者的信息不对称,委托人难于观察代理人的努力程度,企业经营的不确定因素多而复杂,委托人和代理人无法达成长期一致的激励合同,得出棘轮效应的大小由企业风险和代理人风险规避程度来决定的结论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.