关于气候变暖的争议

综合评述了关于气候变暖的争议,重点介绍了有关对Mann等建立的千年温度变化曲线的评估,并介绍了争议各方的论点.比较了王绍武等于1996年建立的千年全球平均温度曲线与其他作者的结果.指出:(1)Mann等千年温度曲线反演年到10年尺度气温变化的能力较差.IPCC报告认为1990s是近千年最暖的10年,1998年是最暖的1年的结论证据不足.(2)不同作者的气温低频变化曲线上,中世纪暖期(MWP)及小冰期(LIA)均有反映.不应该反对使用这两个名词.(3)20世纪,特别是1975-2000年的变暖是比较强的.但是,是否这是近千年来最强的,仍需要更多的资料证实.     

过去两千年青藏高原百年尺度温度变化的时空格局

基于青藏高原过去2000 a高分辨率的温度代用序列，通过区域对比以及集成分析方法，深入分析青藏高原过去2000 a温度变化的时空特征。结果表明：过去2000 a青藏高原温度变化可以划分为4个世纪尺度的冷暖时期，即0—600 AD和1400—1900 AD的冷期、600—1400 AD和20世纪的暖期，其中1400—1900 AD和600—1400 AD可能分别对应于欧洲的小冰期和中世纪暖期；青藏高原过去2000 a温度变化存在很强的季节性特征，年平均气温变化存在争议，但夏季温度变化较为一致；夏季温度记录表明20世纪升温并不是很显著，中世纪暖期是过去2000 a中升温最显著且最温暖的时段。目前，青藏高原过去2000 a古温度记录仍存在空白区域，转换函数的选取、气候指标的季节性差异以及定年误差等因素都可能增加温度序列的不确定性。未来，在青藏高原还需要重建更多高质量(高分辨率、有准确的年龄控制、明确的季节性以及精确的气候指示意义)的古温度记录，以更深入地揭示青藏高原温度变化的时空格局及机制。     

物候观测对气候变暖的响应

在最近20多年,全球平均表面温度出现了显著上升,全球变暖已成为全球关注的重要问题。物候现象与气候等环境因素息息相关,物候对全球变暖的响应研究正在成为物候研究的一个新的热点领域。概述了当前物候对全球变暖响应研究的主要进展,基于实地动植物等物候观测和遥感监测的大量研究表明,近期动植物等物候正发生着显著变化,其与气候变暖有密切关系,是对全球变暖的明显响应。     

中国中世纪暖期温度的时空变化特征

采用全球海气耦合模式ECHO-G的1000个模式年的长积分气候模拟方法分析了中国中世纪暖期温度的存在性与时空变化特征.结果表明：中国的中世纪暖期出现在公元1000—1250年间,但它不是一个持续稳定的暖期,而是存在峰谷起伏变化,其中最暖的30年（中世纪暖期鼎盛期）出现在1131—1160年.中世纪暖期中国的年平均和冬、夏季平均温度距平变幅西部最大,东部最小.其鼎盛期中国的温度距平相对于千年温度都是正值,中国东部的增温幅度由南向北逐渐加大,变幅为0.4℃—0.8℃,而中国西部的增温呈Ω型分布,且随着海拔高度的增加,增温幅度逐渐加大,最大增温达2.0℃—2.2℃.     

全新世大暖期气候环境特征及其机制的再认识

综合论述了全新世大暖期环境的主要特征：降水量增加,气温上升,植被带北移西迁;肯定了大暖期中存在的低温干旱事件,大暖期也不是持续稳定的温暖湿润期．根据太阳“C丰度与中国西部祁连山敦德冰芯δ^18O、德国南部Ammersee深海平原δ^18O的对比,显示全新世气候的变化可能同太阳活动有密切关系;用REDFIT35对大气剩余^14C与EIK湖泊沉积记录作频率对比分析显示,试图证明在9～3ka B．P．期间气候变化存在千年尺度周期波动的可能性．     

我国连续经历18个暖冬 全球气候要暖多久

我国三北地区明显变暖在首届中国气候大会上,与会的气象专家们达成了这样一个共识:地球的气候系统正经历一次以全球气候变暖为主要特征的显著变化,这是近万年来地球上出现的第3次暖期。从观测到的数据分析,地球的气候一直是呈波动式变化的,冷暖交替出现,目前正处于暖期。近一万     

全球气候要暖多久

在首届中国气候大会上，与会的气象专家们达成了这样一个共识：地球的气候系统正经历一次以全球气候变暖为主要特征的显著变化，这是近万年来地球上出现的第3次暖期。从观测到的数据分析，地球的气候一直是呈波动式变化的．冷暖交替出现，目前正处于暖期。近一万年来，地球上气温的波动幅度在2摄氏度到3摄氏度之间，这样一共经历了3次暖期。     

近千年全球平均气温变化的研究

综合分析了Mann等、Jones等、Crowley等及Briffa所建立的4条代表北半球或全球平均的近千年气温序列.介绍了王绍武等用30个站代资料建立的近千年全球平均气温序列(W),以及用能量平衡模式所作的近千年气温变化的模拟结果(S).对各种气温序列与模拟结果作了比较.W的振幅最大,与S相关系数最高(0.83).对重建与模拟千年气温变化的不确定性进行了讨论,利用大气环流模式所作的模拟研究评估了根据30个站建立全球气温序列可能包含的误差.并指出11世纪的气温明显高于近千年平均气温,这在一定程度上也可以反映出中世纪暖期.不过,20世纪仍然是近千年中最暖的一个世纪.     

气候暖化对台湾水文环境的冲击

自十九世纪中期起就开始发展的全球暖化现象,已使北半球平均气温上升的幅度接近摄氏一度.而伴随全球暖化的结果之一就是全球气候及水文循环正在急遽的改变,各地降雨的强度及分布型态因应气温的上升及气候极端变化而有明显的变化.以台湾地区为例,回顾百年来台湾降雨型态的变化趋势,讨论气候暖化对近五十年来台湾水文环境(地表水、地下水)所造成的影响.其中最显著的趋势为:南北降雨的差异性扩大,降雨型态朝极端化发展.这些变化趋势对未来水资源的调配与运用产生不利的影响.     

祁连山青海云杉分布带气温变化趋势分析

通过对祁连山中部33a的观测资料分析表明,在全球气候逐渐变暖的背景下,自20世纪70年代以来,祁连山中部气候发生了显著的变化,年平均气温、最冷月平均气温、最热月平均气温均有一定程度的增加,气温的季节变化明显,夏季气温显著升高,尤以夏、冬两季升温最快,植物生长期的温度也呈升高趋势,偏暖温和高温的年份出现频率较多,且这一趋势在近6a表现明显,说明本地区气温正出现变暖趋势。     

Key points on temperature change of the past 2000 years in China

Itisimportanttostudythetemperaturechangeduringthepast 2 0 0 0 yearsforunderstandingtheis suessuchasthegreenhouseeffectandglobalwarminginducedbyhumanactivities .Chinahasadvantagesinreconstructinghistoricalclimatechangeforitsabun dantdocumentedhistoricalrecordsandothernaturalevidenceobtainedfromtreerings ,lakesediments ,icecores ,andstalagmite .SinceDr .Chulaidafounda tiononthestudyoftemperaturechangeinChinaforthepast 5 0 0 0 years[1] ,significantprogressinthestudyoftemperaturechangeofthepast 2…     

A comparison of the Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century warming simulated by the FGOALS climate system model

To compare differences among the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Little Ice Age (LIA), and 20th century global warming (20CW), six sets of transient and equilibrium simulations were generated using the climate system model FGOALS_gl. This model was developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results indicate that MWP warming is evident on a global scale, except for at mid-l...     

A comparison of the Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century warming simulated by the FGOALS climate system model

To compare differences among the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Little Ice Age (LIA), and 20th century global warming (20CW), six sets of transient and equilibrium simulations were generated using the climate system model FGOALS_gl. This model was developed by the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results indicate that MWP warming is evident on a global scale, except for at mid-latitudes of the North Pacific. However, the magnitude of the warming is weaker than that in the 20th century. The warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere is stronger than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The LIA cooling is also evident on a global scale, with a strong cooling over the high Eurasian continent, while the cooling center is over the Arctic domain. Both the MWP and the 20CW experiments exhibit the strongest warming anomalies in the middle troposphere around 200?C300 hPa, but the cooling center of the LIA experiment is seen in the polar surface of the Northern Hemisphere. A comparison of model simulation against the reconstruction indicates that model??s performance in simulating the surface air temperature changes during the warm periods is better than that during the cold periods. The consistencies between model and reconstruction in lower latitudes are better than those in high latitudes. Comparison of the inter-annual variability mode of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rainfall during the MWP, LIA and 20CW reveals a similar rainfall anomalies pattern. However, the time spectra of the principal component during the three typical periods of the last millennium are different, and the quasi-biannual oscillation is more evident during the two warm periods. At a centennial time scale, the external mode of the EASM variability driven by the changes of effective solar radiation is determined by the changes of large scale land-sea thermal contrast. The rainfall anomalies over the east of 110°E exhibit a meridional homogeneous change pattern, which is different from the meridional out-of-phase change of rainfall anomalies associated with the internal mode.     

Debating about the climate warming

Debating about the climate warming is reviewed. Discussions have focused on the validity of the temperature reconstruction for the last millennium made by Mann et al. Arguments against and for the reconstruction are introduced. Temperature reconstructions by other authors are examined, including the one carried out by Wang et al. in 1996. It is concluded that: (1) Ability of reproducing temperature variability of time scale less than 10 a is limited, so no sufficient evidence proves that the 1990s was the warmest decade, and 1998 was the warmest year over the last millennium. (2) All of the temperature reconstructions by different authors demonstrate the occurrence of the MWP (Medieval Warm Period) and LIA (Little Ice Age) in low frequency band of temperature variations, though the peak in the MWP and trough in LIA varies from one reconstruction to the others. Therefore, terms of MWP and LIA can be used in studies of climate change. (3) The warming from 1975 to 2000 was significant, but we do not know if it was the strongest for the last millennium, which needs to be proved by more evidence.     

Inter-hemispheric comparison of climate change in the last millennium based on the ECHO-G simulation

The commonality and difference in the variations of temperature and precipitation between the Northern Hemisphere （NH） and Southern Hemispheres （SH） in the last millennium are investigated by analysis of the millennium simulation with the ECHO-G coupled climate model. The NH mean temperature variations are generally consistent with those of the SH counterpart on the interannual, decadal and centennial time scales. But, the transition times between the medieval warm period （MWP）, the little ice age （LIA）, and the present-day warm period （PWP） in the NH leads that in the SH; and the anomaly amplitude in the NH is significantly larger than the SH counterpart. For the precipitation variations, the NH mean precipitation varies in-phase with the SH mean precipitation on decadal and centennial scales （mainly in the mid-high latitudes） but out-of-phase on the interannual scale （mainly in the low latitudes）. During the MWP the warming has comparable amplitude in the NH and SH; however, during the PWP the NH warming is considerably stronger than the SH warming. Further, the present-day temperature rises in the NH high latitudes but decreases in the SH high latitudes, which is very different from the warming pattern during the MWP. Since during the MWP the greenhouse gases （GHG） concentration stayed at a low level, we infer that the present-day opposite temperature tendency in the high latitudes between the two hemispheres may be related to the increase of the GHG concentration.     

Characteristics of decadal-centennial-scale changes in East Asian summer monsoon circulation and precipitation during the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age and in the present day

Using meteorological observations, proxies of precipitation and temperature, and climate simulation outputs, we synthetically analyzed the regularities of decadal-centennial-scale changes in the summer thermal contrast between land and ocean and summer precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region during the past millennium; compared the basic characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and precipitation in the present day, the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP); and explored their links with solar irradiance and global climate change. The results indicate that over the last 150 years, the EASM circulation and precipitation, indicated by the temperature contrast between the East Asian mainland and adjacent oceans, had a significant decadal perturbation and have been weaker during the period of rapid global warming over the past 50 years. On the centennial time scale, the EASM in the MWP was strongest over the past 1000 years. Over the past 1000 years, the EASM was weakest in 1450?C1570. When the EASM circulation was weaker, the monsoon rain belt over eastern China was generally located more southward, with there being less precipitation in North China and more precipitation in the Yangtze River valley; therefore, there was an anomalous pattern of southern flood/northern drought. From the 1900s to 1920s, precipitation had a pattern opposite to that of the southern flood/northern drought, with there being less precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and more precipitation in North China. Compared with the case for the MWP, there was a longer-time-scale southern flood/northern drought phenomenon in 1400?C1600. Moreover, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not synchronously vary with the trend of global temperature. During the last 150 years, although the annual mean surface temperature around the world and in China has increased, the EASM circulation and precipitation did not have strengthening or weakening trends. Over the past 1000 years, the weakest EASM occurred ahead of the lowest Northern Hemispheric temperature and corresponded to the weakest solar irradiance.     

Recent Antarctic Peninsula warming relative to Holocene climate and ice-shelf history

Rapid warming over the past 50?years on the Antarctic Peninsula is associated with the collapse of a number of ice shelves and accelerating glacier mass loss. In contrast, warming has been comparatively modest over West Antarctica and significant changes have not been observed over most of East Antarctica, suggesting that the ice-core palaeoclimate records available from these areas may not be representative of the climate history of the Antarctic Peninsula. Here we show that the Antarctic Peninsula experienced an early-Holocene warm period followed by stable temperatures, from about 9,200 to 2,500?years ago, that were similar to modern-day levels. Our temperature estimates are based on an ice-core record of deuterium variations from James Ross Island, off the northeastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. We find that the late-Holocene development of ice shelves near James Ross Island was coincident with pronounced cooling from 2,500 to 600?years ago. This cooling was part of a millennial-scale climate excursion with opposing anomalies on the eastern and western sides of the Antarctic Peninsula. Although warming of the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula began around 600 years ago, the high rate of warming over the past century is unusual (but not unprecedented) in the context of natural climate variability over the past two millennia. The connection shown here between past temperature and ice-shelf stability suggests that warming for several centuries rendered ice shelves on the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula vulnerable to collapse. Continued warming to temperatures that now exceed the stable conditions of most of the Holocene epoch is likely to cause ice-shelf instability to encroach farther southward along the Antarctic Peninsula.     

New proofs of the recent climate warming over the Tibetan Plateau as a result of the increasing greenhouse gases emissions

The Tibetan Plateau (TP, 75-105oE, 27.5-37.5oN) is the highest and largest highland in the world with a variety of climate and ecosystems. The TP exerts pro- found influences not only on the local climate and en- vironment but also on the global atmospher…     

Simulated and reconstructed winter temperature in the eastern China during the last millennium

Since the 1990s, under the auspicious impetus of two international research programs, the “Past Global Changes” (PAGES) and the “Climate Variability and Pre- dictability” (CLIVAR), massive research work has been carried out on climate and environment changes over the past 2000 years[1-3]. But majority of the studies has been centered on obtaining various kinds of climatic proxy data (such as historical documents, tree rings, ice cores, lake cores) and focused on the reconstruction of…     

Attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogenic climate change

Significant changes in physical and biological systems are occurring on all continents and in most oceans, with a concentration of available data in Europe and North America. Most of these changes are in the direction expected with warming temperature. Here we show that these changes in natural systems since at least 1970 are occurring in regions of observed temperature increases, and that these temperature increases at continental scales cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone. Given the conclusions from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely to be due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, and furthermore that it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent except Antarctica, we conclude that anthropogenic climate change is having a significant impact on physical and biological systems globally and in some continents.