单排管空冷散热器换热及阻力特性研究

通过试验及数值模拟研究了单排管空冷散热器的翅片侧流动及换热特性,获得了相对翅片间距和相对翅片高度等参数对单排管空冷散热器的翅片侧换热和阻力特性的影响规律.随着单排管空冷散热器相对翅片间距的增大,翅片侧对流换热系数和阻力随之减小;随着相对翅片高度的增大,翅片侧对流换热系数和阻力也随之减小.     

波纹管内强制对流换热与阻力特性的实验研究

用实验方法研究了空气在具有3种不同管径19、25、32mm的波纹管内的流动与换热特性。管的外壁采用电加热，来模拟均匀热流的条件，测得了不同工况下各种管径的平均对流换热系数和阻力系数，拟合出了所测的参数范围内的阻力和换热实验关联式，并比较了相同管径的波纹管和光管的换热效果，发现无论在哪种比较条件下，波纹管均比相同管径下的光管综合换热性能强。     

横掠周期性密集管束流动换热的数值模拟

在较宽的雷诺数范围内,使用CFD软件、SIMPLE算法和QUICK格式,对流体横掠不同管间距的顺排密集型管束,在周期性充分发展段的流动换热进行了数值模拟.选用几何间距与经验公式中相同的管束模型进行计算,将数值结果与前人已存在的经验公式和实验结果进行比较,确保数值模拟方法的正确性.通过分析3种不同计算模型的流场、换热系数等,验证了针对高度密集管束采用周期性边界条件和对称性边界条件的合理性.将其与大间距顺排管束的流动换热特性进行对比,结果表明,密集管束换热系数最高可达大间距管束换热系数的3倍,可为工业上换热器管排布置方式提供参考.     

热水解污泥在扭曲管中流动换热的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法研究了热水解污泥在扭曲换热管中的流动换热特性,分析了扭曲管的强化传热机理.获得了扭曲管不同纵横比和扭曲比条件下的温度场与速度场分布,阐述了不同雷诺数对流动传热的影响.该结果与传统光滑圆管的流动换热特性进行了比较,研究结果表明,扭曲管产生的旋流和二次流可以有效地提高换热效率,但是也增加了流动阻力.另外,综合换热因子随着扭曲比的增大而减小,随着纵横比先增大后减小,在纵横比为1.96时达到最大.与传统光滑圆管相比,发现在低雷诺数(小于5 000)情况下扭曲换热管具有更高的换热效率.     

缠绕管式换热器结构参数多目标优化数值模拟研究

为分析缠绕管式换热器关键几何结构对其流动和传热性能的影响,采用多目标遗传优化算法对壳侧的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟研究,并对通过中心复合设计得出的实验点进行了计算。研究结果表明:缠绕管式换热器的壳侧压降随着层间距、缠绕角、同层管间距的增大而减小;壳侧换热系数随着层间距的增大而减小,随着管外径的增大而增大,随着螺旋角的增大先增大后减小。通过敏感度分析可知:螺旋角和层间距对缠绕管式换热器的流动和传热性能影响最大,在计算工况下,层间距对压降和换热系数都呈负相关;螺旋角与压降呈负相关,与换热系数呈正相关。同时,应用多目标遗传算法在连续响应面的基础上对原结构进行优化,得到3组优化结果,换热系数平均增加了2.93%,压降平均降低了40.27%,综合传热性能均好于原结构。该研究成果可为缠绕管式换热器的优化设计提供理论基础。     

平行板间填充颗粒与壁面开槽对流动与换热的影响

为了研究壁面开不同型槽、板间距与粒径比和流动换热的关系,文中通过对平行板间填充不同粒径颗粒、板面开不同结构微槽的方式对平行板间强化换热机理进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:选用小的板间距与粒径比(Z/dp),可以提高系统的强化换热效率;在换热壁面上设计微细的开槽结构,既可以降低流动阻力,又可以强化换热。     

管壁导热对管内流动流体热边界条件的影响

对层流管内受迫流动热入口段内流体与管壁间耦合传热进行了计算 ,研究了试件几何尺寸、试件与流体物性参数及流体流动状态对内管壁处流体热边界条件均匀性的影响。研究结果表明 ,即使在管外壁均匀加热 (或冷却 )的情况下 ,管壁导热也使得内管壁处流体的热边界条件出现明显的不均匀性。影响这种不均匀性的主要因素是Peclet数、管壁材料的相对导热系数、实验段相对加热长度及管壁相对厚度等无量纲参数。为了改善管内壁处流体的热边界条件以提高对流换热实验结果的精度和可靠性 ,在保证管外壁加热 (或冷却 )均匀性的前提下 ,一定要尽可能采用足够长的薄壁管做对流换热实验的加热段。此外 ,试件的材料与拟采用的加热方式有关。恒壁温加热时要选用导热系数大的材料 ,而恒热流加热时 (如外绕加热丝加热或管壁直接通电加热 )则应选用导热系数较小的材料     

水蒸汽在水平二维微肋管内的凝结换热

探讨了微肋高度对水平二维微肋管内凝结换热和流动阻力的影响．采用水蒸汽为凝结介质,进行了三种不同肋高度的管内凝结换热实验．结果表明,二维微肋管内凝结的平均换热系数α随肋高的增加明显增大．和光管比较,α增加２８％～２１０％,这时阻力的增加仅为４％～５３％．     

气流横向冲刷管束换热的场协同数值模拟验证

对气流横向冲刷管束换热这种比较复杂的流动形式,推导出了气流横向冲刷管束换热时的传热努塞尔数与场参数的关系表达式,用数值模拟的方法对场协同原理进行了分析与验证．结果表明,场协同原理同样适用于这种形式比较复杂的流动与换热．同时用场协同原理解释了管排方式和管间距对换热的影响,发现随着速度场与热流场协同作用的不同,换热随管排方式和管间距的改变也有所不同．     

矩形翅片椭圆换热管束性能

采用标准k-ε模型,就管排数和翅片间距等因素对矩形翅片椭圆换热管束流动换热性能的影响进行分析.得到管束各排翅片表面平均换热系数分布规律,并给出j因子和f因子与管排数的关系.结果表明:翅片间距主要通过阻力对管束性能产生影响,当翅片间距小于2.5 mm时,管束空气侧阻力对风速的敏感性显著增加;可以通过采用高导热系数翅片材料的方法来提升管束性能.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.