氯代异丙烷的催化合成

以无水氯化锌为催化剂、盐酸和异丙醇为原料合成氯代异丙烷,优化的工艺条件为:物料配比,n(异丙醇)∶n(盐酸)∶n(氯化锌)=1∶1.5∶1.5,反应温度56℃,反应时间3 h,氯代异丙烷的收率为75.4%,纯度99.2%,催化剂有较好的使用寿命.     

氯化亚铜-三乙醇胺催化合成1,1,1,3,3-五氯丙烷

以四氯化碳和氯乙烯为原料,在催化剂氯化亚铜和助催化剂三乙醇胺作用下,通过自由基加成反应合成出1,1,1,3,3-五氯丙烷.考察了溶剂、催化剂和助催化剂对合成反应的影响,以及催化剂和助催化剂的相互作用后发现,助催化剂三乙醇胺的使用使反应得率提高了14%以上.用紫外吸收分光光度法检测加入三乙醇胺的Cu2Cl2乙腈溶液,发现波长向紫外方向移动,且随着三乙醇胺加入量的增加,吸光度(ABS值)也随着增加,且吸收最大波长稳定在204 nm;三乙醇胺的加入量与吸光度(ABS)成正比,符合朗伯-比尔定律.研究证实了Cu2Cl2和三乙醇胺络合物的形成.络合物的形成,使溶液中Cu2Cl2的浓度提高,催化活性中心增加,有效的提高了产物得率.     

四正丁基溴化铵催化的氮杂环丙烷与水合羧酸铜的开环反应

氮杂环丙烷与水合羧酸铜在溴化四丁基铵的催化下可以合成β-胺基醇酯,首先通过条件优化,分别对不同水合羧酸盐、溶剂、反应温度、季铵盐催化剂、反应物料配比对该反应的影响进行研究,得到最优条件:溶剂为1,4-二氧六环,反应条件为回流,氮杂环丙烷、一水乙酸铜、四正丁基溴化铵的摩尔比为1∶0.6∶0.2.然后在此条件下拓展不同反应底物,反应时间短,产物的产率高(85%～99%),产物的区域选择性也高(83%～95%).这种方法对于N-Ts活化的环状氮杂环丙烷,开环产物的立体结构为反式;对芳基和烷基取代的N-Ts活化的氮杂环丙烷,主要开环产物为端位开环产物.对反应条件和Cu2+的作用进行了讨论.     

硫酸钛催化月桂酸乙酯的合成研究

以固体硫酸钛为催化剂、月桂酸和无水乙醇为原料,合成香料月桂酸乙酯.考察了酸醇物质的量之比,催化剂的用量,反应温度,反应时间及带水剂等因素对合成反应的影响.实验表明: 月桂酸和无水乙醇的摩尔比为1∶5,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量分数的4.5%,环己烷为带水剂, 控制反应温度为90～100℃,反应时间3.5小时的优化条件下, 月桂酸乙酯的收率可达90.7%.     

一锅法合成氯磷酸二乙酯

以三氯化磷、无水乙醇、四氯化碳为原料,一锅法合成氯磷酸二乙酯。四氯化碳既为原料又兼作溶剂,反应在无溶剂条件下进行,中间体亚磷酸二乙酯不经分离,直接与四氯化碳反应。对最佳原料配比、反应温度进行了优化,确定了三乙胺为最适宜的催化剂。当n(三氯化磷)∶n(无水乙醇)∶n(三乙胺)=1∶(3.05~3.10)∶(0.10~0.12)、生成亚磷酸二乙酯阶段温度为50~60℃、生成氯磷酸二乙酯温度为25℃时,氯磷酸二乙酯的收率达72%。     

五羟乙基二乙烯三胺合成工艺优化研究

以二乙烯三胺与2-氯乙醇为主要原料合成五羟乙基二乙烯三胺,采用单因素试验和正交实验对原料配比及工艺条件进行优化,最佳配比为:二乙烯三胺与2-氯乙醇的摩尔比为1∶6.5;最佳工艺条件为:反应温度85℃,反应时间5 h,收率达到了98.76%,并用羟值测定、胺值测定、FT-IR、1H-NMR及ES-MS等方法对产物进行结构表征.     

Lewis酸离子液体催化合成TCPP

以三氯氧磷和环氧丙烷为原料,在离子液体Et3NHCl-x[AlCl3]催化作用下合成了磷酸三(β-氯丙基)酯(TCPP).确定最佳工艺条件为:n(POCl3)∶n(C3H6O)=1∶3.3,反应温度60～65℃,催化剂用量0.05 g,环氧丙烷的滴加时间约为3 h,产率达98.5%.此工艺有催化剂用量少,产率高,成本低等优点.     

(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇合成(R)-(-)-3-氯-2-羟丙基对甲苯磺酸酯的研究

以(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇为原料合成了医药中间体(R)-(-)-3-氯-2-羟丙基对甲苯磺酸酯,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂种类及用量、催化剂种类及用量,以及原料配比等因素对反应的影响.通过正交试验确定了适宜的合成工艺条件:反应温度0℃;反应时间6 h;对甲苯磺酰氯与(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇摩尔比为1.2∶1;催化剂NaOH与(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的摩尔比为1.2∶1;以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇浓度为125 g/L.在此工艺条件下产物得率大于85%.     

2,3-二氯吡啶的合成新工艺

为满足市场需求,对2,3-二氯吡啶的合成工艺进行了研究。以2-氯烟酸为起始原料,经酰胺化、霍夫曼(Hofmann)酰胺降解、重氮化和Sandmeyer 4步反应,得到2,3-二氯吡啶,对影响产率的因素(如PCl3用量、NaOH浓度、反应温度、催化剂用量)进行了优化。结果表明:酰胺化中,n(2-氯烟酸)∶n(PCl3)=1∶0.45;霍夫曼降解反应中,NaOH质量分数为18%,反应温度为75~80℃;Sandmeyer反应中,n(2-氯-3-氨基吡啶)∶n(氧化铜)=1∶0.3。在此优化条件下,反应总收率为70.33%(以2-氯烟酸计),纯度达98.5%,通过1 H-NMR进行了结构表征。此法产品纯度高,操作简便,原料易得。     

固体酸催化剂合成吩噻嗪的工艺研究

以二苯胺和硫磺为原料,用固体酸催化剂合成吩噻嗪,讨论反应温度、不同的固体酸催化剂、固体酸催化剂用量、反应物摩尔比、反应时间对合成反应的影响。在优化的合成工艺条件下,以二苯胺与硫磺的摩尔比为1.00∶1.25、固体酸催化剂的质量为二苯胺质量的25.0%、反应时间6 h,纯化后可得吩噻嗪化合物;其产率为83.9%,纯度为99.6%(HPLC)。对产物进行了熔点、TG(thermogravimetric)测试及IR、NMR表征。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-