间苯二胺的Schiemann反应研究

本文对间苯二胺经Ｓｃｈｉｅｍａｎｎ反应制备的二氟苯进行了较系统的研究，首先将亚硝酸钠和浓盐酸在－１２￣－１５℃低温下制成亚硝酸溶液，然后将间苯二胺盐酸盐的悬浮液慢慢滴加到上述亚硝酸溶液中去，再加入４０％氟硼酸水溶液可获得９０％收率的二氟硼酸间苯二重氮盐，将重氮盐热分解可获得８０％收率的间二氟苯。     

对二氨基苯的Schiemann反应

系统地研究了对二氨基苯的Ｓｃｈｉｅｍａｎｎ反应。首先将亚硝酸钠水溶液在－１２～－１６℃的低温下滴加到浓盐酸和氟硼酸的混合液中制成亚硝酸－氟硼酸溶液,然后将对二氨基苯和浓盐酸形成的悬浮液慢慢滴加到上述亚硝酸－氟硼酸溶液中去,可获得８５％收率的二氟硼酸对苯二重氮盐,将重氮盐分解可获得７３％收率的对二氟苯。     

间苯二胺的重氮化方法研究

本文对间苯二胺的重氮化方法进行了系统的研究，通过实验得出了两种较理想的间苯二胺双重氮化方法。按本文提供的方法用间苯二胺经重氮化反应制备二氟硼酸间苯二重氮盐其收率可达９０％，将制得的重氮盐进行热分解可获得８２％收率的间二氟苯     

间苯二胺水解合成间氨基苯酚工艺的研究

以间苯二胺为原料,硫酸为催化剂,高压水解制得间氨基苯酚.考察了反应温度、反应时间、硫酸质量分数及硫酸与间苯二胺的摩尔比对反应的影响.实验结果表明,当反应温度200℃,反应时间6 h,硫酸质量分数为22%,硫酸与间苯二胺的摩尔比为1.98:1时,间苯二胺的转化率为81.19%,间氨基苯酚的收率为56.34%,选择性为69.38%,副产物间苯二酚的收率为24.13%.     

橡胶硫化剂N,N''-间苯撑双马来酰亚胺的合成

研究了以乙酸为溶剂,以马来酸酐和间苯二胺为原料合成间苯撑双马来酰亚胺的合成方法;通过正交试验,找出了反应的优化条件;通过熔点、红外光谱、高效液相色谱对合成产品进行定性和定量分析.结果表明:溶剂乙酸的用量为间苯二胺质量的3倍,反应容易操作进行;催化剂与间苯二胺的摩尔比为0.05到0.3;马来酸酐与间苯二胺的摩尔比为2.1/1,在此优化条件下产物的得率为90.2%;红外光谱图与标准图谱一致,合成产物的含量为96%.     

对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯的硫酸钛催化反应研究

采用硫酸钛作催化剂,以对叔丁基苯甲酸和甲醇为原料直接酯化,对对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯的合成工艺进行了研究,着重考察了催化剂用量、反应时间、醇酸摩尔比、带水剂用量等因素对反应收率的影响,并优化反应条件。当甲醇与对叔丁基苯甲酸的摩尔比为8∶1时,在催化剂硫酸钛(用量为对叔丁基苯甲酸的20%)作用下,加入带水剂苯12 mL,于回流温度下反应6h,产品收率可达86.6%。     

9,10-菲醌选择性溴化反应研究

通过改变反应物的投料比、溶剂、反应温度等因素高选择性合成了9,10-菲醌系列溴化物.结果表明:9,10-菲醌与N-溴代丁酰亚胺摩尔比为1.0∶1.4,在浓硫酸中0℃反应3 h得到了2-溴-9,10-菲醌,收率60%;在相同条件下,9,10-菲醌与N-溴代丁酰亚胺摩尔比为1.0∶2.3得到了2,7-二溴-9,10-菲醌,收率76%;9,10-菲醌与溴素摩尔比为1.0∶1.4,过氧化苯甲酰为引发剂,在冰乙酸中106℃反应3 h,得到了3-溴-9,10-菲醌,收率85%,在相同条件下,9,10-菲醌与溴素摩尔比为1.0∶3.4,得到了3,6-二溴-9,10-菲醌,收率90%.对9,10-菲醌的选择性溴化规律进行了探讨,发现溴化剂的加入量是决定生成单溴代或双溴代产物的主要因素.     

N-甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺的新合成方法

研究了以苯酐与甲胺水溶液为原料合成N-甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NMP),提出了一种合成NMP的新方法,并对产物进行了红外表征,结果表明产物是N-甲基邻苯二甲酰亚胺.考察了原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对产物收率的影响,得出了最佳反应条件:苯酐与甲胺的摩尔比为1∶2,反应温度为150 ℃,反应时间为4 h,收率达到85.5%.     

4,4′-二溴联苯合成工艺研究

文章在自制催化剂作用下,以联苯和液溴为原料制备4,4′-二溴联苯,并通过实验确定了反应的较佳工艺参数:联苯、液溴、催化剂的摩尔比为1∶2.3∶0.001 25,反应时间为5h,反应温度为40℃,液溴的滴加时间为40min。在该工艺条件下,所得产物的收率达到94%,产品的纯度为98%。     

邻氯苯基硫脲的合成工艺研究

文章以邻氯苯胺和硫氰酸铵为原料合成邻氯苯基硫脲,在酸性条件下,通过正交实验方法和单因素实验方法探讨了原料的配比、反应时间及反应温度等工艺参数对邻氯苯基硫脲收率的影响;实验得出了较佳的合成工艺条件:邻氯苯胺、硫氰酸铵及盐酸的摩尔比为1∶1.25∶1.20,反应温度为85℃,反应总时间为12 h;在此工艺条件下,进行了实验室平行放大实验,结果表明,产品的收率可达86%左右。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.