短期气候预测中基于预报因子的误差订正方法研究

依据动力-统计相结合进行短期气候预测的基本思想,为了将统计经验运用于动力预报中,提出了基于预报因子的误差订正新方法(PREC).分析表明,该方法能够有效利用预报因子与模式预报误差之间的显著相关关系,并通过建立统计预报模型对预报误差进行估算和订正.进一步利用国家气候中心CGCM的季节回报数据,并选用表征气候系统年际变率最主要模态ENSO循环的特征量(即Nio3区海温指数)作为物理预报因子,将PREC应用于动力季节预测试验.相比于传统的系统误差订正,利用前期预报因子信息的PREC对夏季平均环流和降水量预报结果均有不同程度改善,从而为利用统计经验改进短期气候预测提供了新途径.     

江淮流域梅雨期雨量的变化特征及其与太平洋海温的相关关系及年代际差异

运用相关分析和滑动相关方法,分析了江淮流域5个代表站1903-2000年梅雨期雨量的变化特征及其与太平洋海温的相关关系及年代际差异.结果表明,江淮地区梅雨期雨量在近百年来存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征.通过分析梅雨期雨量与太平洋海温的年代际相关特征发现,江淮流域梅雨期雨量与前期及同期太平洋海温关系密切,前一年冬季及梅雨期东北太平洋海温与江淮流域梅雨期雨量负相关,在热带东太平洋的Nino1 2区两者正相关显著,同年春季西太平洋部分海域海温与江淮流域梅雨期雨量正相关.从年际相关分析发现,前一年冬季太平洋海温与梅雨期雨量正相关,同年春季以及梅雨期两者相关不明显.通过分析年代际差异发现,江淮流域梅雨期雨量与前期及同期热带太平洋关键区海温的21a滑动相关存在显著的年代际差异,这种差异与海温的21a滑动平均的年代际冷暖背景关系密切,热带太平洋海温关键区前一年冬季冷海温背景下,梅雨期雨量同海温正相关显著,同年春季暖海温背景下,两者之间负相关显著,而江淮流域梅雨期雨量同中国近海海温之间(从冬季到梅雨期)维持显著的正相关,与该区海温冷暖背景的关系则并不明显.     

楚雄州5月降水时空分布及其与热带太平洋海温的关系

利用楚雄州10个测站1960～2007年5月降水量观测资料以及NCEP提供的同期逐月海温资料,分析了楚雄州5月降水的时空变化特征,并研究了其与热带太平洋海温的响应关系.结果发现:楚雄州的5月降水量存在明显的年际及年代际变化特征,并且各个站点的变化趋势十分一致.对楚雄州5月降水的小波分析发现,楚雄州5月降水与热带太平洋的ENSO信号关系密切,存在3～7 a的变化周期.超前相关分析进一步发现,热带太平洋对楚雄州5月降水影响的关键区分布呈现稳定的La Nin珘a型.通过随机实验的方法,利用Nin珘o 3.4区海温异常指数,建立了楚雄州5月降水的预报方程,并进行了独立样本检验,其中独立样本检验的距平同号率也达到了72%.可见,热带太平洋Nino3.4区SSTA的变化对楚雄州5月降水预报具有一定预报意义.     

东北夏季降水的时间变化特征及其与太平洋海温的相关关系

利用中国降水逐日站点观测资料以及HadISST海温资料,分析了1961-2010年东北地区70个观测站夏季降水的变化特征以及太平洋海温对东北夏季降水的可能影响。结果表明：东北夏季降水近50a来呈现下降趋势,具有多阶段性,在60年代以及80-90年代存在明显的突变;在1986-1985年以及1986-2010年2个阶段,热带外太平洋与热带太平洋春季和夏季海温都存在与东北夏季降水的相关关键区,两个阶段相关性显著不同甚至相反,是1961-2010年东北夏季降水与太平洋海温总体相关性较弱的原因。东北夏季降水与太平洋海温的相关性可能与海温冷暖背景有关系：在暖的海温背景下,东北降水与热带太平洋海温呈现显著的正相关;而对于热带外太平洋,暖的海温背景下,两者为负相关,冷的海温背景下,两者为正相关,尤其表现在春季,因此太平洋春季海温异常对于东北夏季降水预测有较好的指示意义。     

海温季节和年际变化对东亚区域气候变率模拟的影响

利用P-σ区域气候模式通过数值试验分析和探讨了海温季节变化和年际变化对东亚地区气候变率模拟的影响．数值分析试验结果发现，实际海温强迫下模拟的500hPa高度场年际变率较有或没有海温季节变化强迫模拟的结果在冬夏两季基本上是增强的，海温的年际变化对模拟500hPa高度场年际变率是尤为重要的．海温的季节变化强迫使得模拟的500hPa高度场在冬季增强，夏季减弱，且在高纬度地区变化幅度较大．海温的年际和季节变化使得东亚地区的500hPa温度在冬季升高，而夏季在低纬度地区的温度降低，其中在华南沿海、南海北部和盂加拉湾地区降低最甚，高纬地区变化不明显．此外，海温的季节和年际变化强迫对华南地区降水率差值的影响远比对长江中下游地区明显．     

气候场主成分回归预测模型在海南岛汛期降水预测中的研究应用

计算与分析了海南岛汛期降水量场的主成分分布及分型特征,选取北半球500hPa高度场、北半球海平面气压场、太平洋海温场3个影响海南岛汛期降水的高影响因子,提取其前25个主成分作为预测因子,通过相关性筛选及逐步回归检验方法,确立降水场与筛选预测因子关系,建立相关高影响因子对主成分的预测方程,通过对高相关因子所构成气候场的主成分预测,最终实现海南岛汛期降水量场的预测.将2016年海南岛汛期降水实况、现有多模式集合预报(MODES)汛期降水预测值及回归预测模型降水预测值进行比对,发现该模型对海南岛汛期降水及极值分布有较好的预测模拟能力,在实际业务中有一定的应用价值.     

太平洋年代际振荡与川中丘陵区气候变化关系研究

基于月降水和月平均气温资料,分析了川中丘陵区近50年降水和气温的变化特征及其与太平洋年代际振荡指数（PDOI）的关系．结果表明,川中丘陵区气候存在明显的年代际趋势和突变特征．相关分析和独立样本T检验表明,川中丘陵区夏季气温、年平均气温和秋季降水量与年PDOI均有显著的相关关系,PDO冷位相（1977年以前）对应着高温、多秋雨,而PDO暖位相（1977年以后）对应着夏季和年均温下降,秋季雨水减少．     

长江三角洲地区气候变化趋势及突变分析

对上海、杭州和南京3个气象站1951～2001气温与降水器测资料，利用Mann-Kendall法对3站年均气温及年降水量序列作突变分析．同时利用滑动t检验以及Yamamoto法(子序列n=10年)对突变研究结果作进一步验证，结果表明，该区年均气温有显著升高趋势，且在20世纪90年代初期发生明显突变，而年降水量变化不显著．该区四季气温和降水变化趋势存在明显差异，其中春、秋季和冬季气温均显著上升，而夏季增温趋势不明显；夏季降水量明显增多，而秋季降水量则呈明显减少趋势．这些结果对进一步研究长江三角洲地区气候及其未来预测有重要的意义，同时也为研究全国甚至全球气候变化提供了重要依据．     

门限回归模型预测粤中西部冬春气温

用门限自回归模型和混合门限回归模型对广东省中西部的冬春季平均气温做预测。选取北半球500hPa高度场和太平洋海温场的分区分季节的多个气候背景场的前若干个主分量作为因子（共1792个），这些因子包含着气候背景场的主要信息，通过对预报量和预报因子群的相关筛选，选取相关系数最大的因子建立混合门限非线性回归模型。并初步探讨了气候背景场对预报量的影响。结果表明：混合门限回归模型优于门限自回归模型；前者能较好地拟合冬春气温序列，预报效果较理想。粤中西部冬季气温场与东北半球南部3—4月高度场第5个主模态相关最密切，当3—4月500hPa高度场东亚大陆为低槽控制，日本海太平洋附近为高压脊，有利于当年冬季气温偏低；春季气温场则与北半球冬季500hPa高度场第8个主模态相关密切，当冬季500hPa高度场乌拉尔山附近地区为明显的阻塞高压形势，有利于次年春季气温偏低。     

中国降水场的时空分布变化

 分析了全国160个气象观测站51a(1951-03～2002-02)的月季降水量距平场的时空分布变化规律得出:我国降水空间分布的主要类型是南北分布;统计降水量的时间尺度越大,则降水量的空间分布尺度也越大;冬季降水的空间分布尺度比夏季大;夏季降水空间分布的年际变化比冬季大;春、夏季的降水空间分布变化具有较为显著的正相关关系;春季降水空间分布具有2.4～3.0a的显著周期存在,冬季降水空间分布也具有2.3～2.8a的显著周期存在.     

An integrative estimation model of summer rainfall-band patterns in China

Three variation indices are defined to objectively and quantitatively represent fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns in summers in China for the period from 1951 to 2005, and the variation features of these indices are analyzed on both of interdecadal and interannual scales. A new method is proposed to establish an integrative estimation model based on the analysis of rainfall-band indices, and the model is applied to air, ocean factors to estimate their roles on variations of three rainfall-band patterns on different time-scales. The tests of estimation effects show that the fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns are composed of variations on both significant inter-decadal and interannual scales, of which the interannual variation is mainly influenced by the Elnino/Lanina events, the East Asia monsoon and the ridge locations of subtropical high pressures in western pacific, while the interdecadal variation is mainly controlled by the Pacific decadal oscillation and interdecadal oscillations of the Arctic oscillation, ENSO, Nino3 sea surface temperature and summer monsoon. The estimated results from the integrative estimation model of rainfall-band patterns suggest that the way of estimation first according to each time scale of both the interdecadal and interannual scales, then estimating with an integration, which is proposed in this paper, has an obvious improvement on that without separation of time scales.     

An integrative estimation model of summer rainfall-band patterns in China

Three variation indices are defined to objectively and quantitatively represent fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns in summers in China for the period from 1951 to 2005, and the variation features of these indices are analyzed on both of interdecadal and interannual scales. A new method is proposed to establish an integrative estimation model based on the analysis of rainfall-band indices, and the model is applied to air, ocean factors to estimate their roles on variations of three rainfall-band patterns on different time-scales. The tests of estimation effects show that the fluctuations of three rainfall-band patterns are composed of variations on both significant inter-decadal and interannual scales, of which the interannual variation is mainly influenced by the Elnino/Lanina events, the East Asia monsoon and the ridge locations of subtropical high pressures in western pacific, while the interdecadal variation is mainly controlled by the Pacific decadal oscillation and interdecadal oscillations of the Arctic oscillation, ENSO, Nino3 sea surface temperature and summer monsoon. The estimated results from the integrative estimation model of rainfall-band patterns suggest that the way of estimation first according to each time scale of both the interdecadal and interannual scales, then estimating with an integration, which is proposed in this paper, has an obvious improvement on that without separation of time scales.     

Interannual and interdecadal variabilities in SST anomaly over the eastern equatorial Pacific

The global sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly data from 1950 to 1996 were used to analyze spatial characters of interdecadal SST variations. A wavelet transform was made for the equatorial eastern Pacific SST anomaly time series. Results show that there are three remarkable timescale SST variations: 130-month interdecadal variation, 57-month interannual variation and 28-month quasi-2-a variation. Based on this result, an El Nino event was predicted in the early part of 1997.     

年际和年代际气候变化的全球时空特征比较

5利用1950－1998年全球海洋同化分析资料和全球大气再分析资料，分析比较了全球海气系统年际和年代际变化的主要时空特征。结果表明：1）全球上层海洋年际变化主要为位于热带太平洋的ENSO模态，年代际变化最显区域中纬度海洋、赤道外热带东太平洋和大西洋及南半球高纬度区域；2）全球大气年际和年代际变化均主要位于中高纬地区尤其是两极地区，在年际时间尺度上，气温异常和气压异常没有明显的对应关系，但在年代际时间尺度上，气温增暖（变冷）常常伴随着气压的降低（升高）；3）在年际时间尺度上，发生在中高纬度陆地地区的大气年际变化和主要发生在热带海洋的上层海洋年际变化没有一致性的内在联系，前主要表现为大气内部（浑沌）变化，而后主要为热带海气相互作用产生的ENSO变化；4）在年代际时间尺度上，全球海洋大气系统大约在20世纪70年代均一致性地经历了一次跃变，其结果导致80年代以来，全球大范围地区（尤其是两极和西伯利亚地区）气温明显偏暖，赤道两侧的热带东太平洋、北美和南美西海岸及非洲西海岸等海域海表温度偏高，伴随着这种全球大范围背景增暖现象，青藏高原北部地区和格陵兰岛气温具有变冷趋势，而中纬度北太平洋和南半球高纬度海域海表温度也表现为降低。     

Reduction of the East Asian winter monsoon interannual variability after the mid-1980s and possible cause

The East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) consists of subsystems such as the Siberian high, Aleutian low, East Asian trough, low-level northerly wind and high-level East Asian jet stream. It is revealed that the interannual variation of the EAWM-related atmospheric circulation has exhibited an obvious weakening since the mid-1980s. During 1956-1980, significant negative correlations between the EAWM and sea surface temperature are observed in the oceans along the east coast of East Asia, accompanied by significant positive correlations in the western Warm Pool. However, the significant interannual relationship in the previous period is found to have been disrupted during 1986-2010. Further analysis reveals that the Arctic Oscillation after the mid-1980s tends to suppress the interannual variability of the EAWM. In addition, it was found that the large-scale warming after the mid-1980s is favorable to reduce the land-sea thermal contrast variability on both the interdecadal and interannual time scales.     

西江北江水流量与其上空水汽汇的时间变化关系

 分析1958-2004年四季珠江水系的西江流域高要站和北江流域石角站水流量与相应子流域上空大气水汽汇的关系。结果表明,西江流域的水流量与大气水汽汇的年际年代际变化趋势在夏季是比较一致的,位相配合较好,其它季节稍微差一些;北江流域两者的关系在夏季和秋季都比较一致,春冬次之。     

Tropospheric biennial oscillation of the western Pacific subtropical high and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies

There is the significant period of tropospheric biennial Oscillation(TBO)over East Asian monsoon region at the interannual timescales,which has the important influences on East China climate.Based on a set of reconstructed indices which describes the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)objectively,this paper focuses on the TBO component of WPSH,one of the key members of the East Asian Monsoon system,and its relationships with the tropical SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies.It is found that(1)As an important interannual component of WPSH,the time series of TBO has the obvious transition in the late1970s,and the variability of the WPSH’s TBO component is more significant after the late 1970s.(2)The time-lag correlations between the WPSH’s TBO and the tropical sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in several key ocean regions are more significant and have longer correlation duration than the raw data.The response of the western boundary index to ENSO is earlier than the intensity index,and the time-lag correlations of them are up to maximum when lagging ENSO by 3–5 months and 5–6months,respectively.(3)In the course of the WPSH’s TBO cycle,the occurrence of the El Ni o-like anomaly in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in winter is always coupled with the weak East Asian winter monsoon,with the most significant enhancing phase of the WPSH’TBO.In contrast,the La Ni a-like anomaly in the central-eastern Pacific in winter is coupled with the strong East Asian winter monsoon,with the most weakening phase of the WPSH’s TBO.(4)The distribution of the tropical SST and atmospheric circulations anomalies are asymmetric in the TBO cycle.The WPSH’s TBO is more significant in the period of the developing El Ni o-like anomaly in central-eastern Pacific than in the period of the developing La Ni a-like anomaly.Therefore,during the period of developing El Ni o-like anomaly,more attention should be paid to the interannual component of TBO signal in the short-term climate prediction.     

A local positive feedback of the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system on interdecadal timescales

SINCE THE 1990S, THE CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON INTERDE- CADAL TIME SCALES BECAME THE FOCUS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLIMATOLOGY RESEARCH MISSIONS[1―3]. ON TIME SCALES OF A DECADE OR MORE, THE OCEAN CIRCULATION PREDOMINATEDHEAT BALANCE AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE, S…     

January temperature anomalies over Northeast China and precursors

This paper analyzes the large-scale atmospheric circulation characteristics of anomalous cases of January temperatures that occurred in Northeast China during 1960-2008 and precursory oceanic conditions.The January monthly mean surface air temperature(SAT) anomalies and the duration of low temperature are used to define temperature anomaly cases.The anomalous cyclonic circulation over northeast Asia strengthens the northerly flow in cold Januarys,while the anomalous anticyclonic circulation weakens the northerly flow in the warm Januarys.The negative(positive) North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) and increased(decreased) sea ice concentration in the Barents-Kara seas in the preceding month are probably linked to the cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation pattern over northeast Asia in the cold(warm) cases.Further analyses indicate that the preceding oceanic conditions play distinct roles in the SAT anomalies over Northeast China on different time scales.Strong relationships exist between North Pacific SSTA and the SAT in Northeast China on the interannual time scale.On the other hand,the sea ice concentration is more closely associated with the interdecadal variations of SAT in Northeast China.