米仓山-汉南隆起区牛蹄塘组页岩古氧相及其与有机质富集的关系

为了探讨上扬子北缘米仓山-汉南隆起区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩形成环境及其与有机质富集的关系,利用大量野外露头页岩样品,进行微量元素、稀土元素、氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、w(总有机碳)等测试分析.牛蹄塘组稀土元素北美页岩标准化配式比较平坦,轻重稀土元素分异程度较小,且稀土元素总量相对较低;亲氧Sr元素强烈亏损, V、U、Mo等元素共同富集;草莓状黄铁矿粒径较窄且集中分布在2.0～6.0μm; w(U)/w(Th)、w(Ni)/w(Co)、w(V)/w(Cr)偏低,多指示次氧-氧化条件.米仓山-汉南隆起区牛蹄塘组页岩在以深水缺氧沉积环境为主,伴随后期短暂次氧-氧化环境中形成保存.牛蹄塘组页岩中U、V、Mo等指示还原条件的元素以及指示海洋古生产力或有机质通量的w(Ba)、w(Ni)、w(Cu)均与w(总有机碳)呈一定正相关性,揭示深水还原条件以及较高的藻类、微生物等古海洋生产力是牛蹄塘组页岩有机质形成、保存、富集的主控因素.     

湘中南中奥陶统烟溪组页岩地球化学特征及有机质富集机理

为了解湘中南中奥陶统烟溪组黑色页岩有机质富集规律及模式,选择湖南城步撑架坪(CJP)、宁远棉花坪(MHP)、祁东马杜桥(MDQ)这3个剖面的烟溪组页岩样品对有机质丰度、主微量元素质量分数进行测试。研究结果表明:烟溪组有机质丰度较高,CJP黑色页岩TOC质量分数w(TOC)平均为2.52%,MHP黑色岩石w(TOC)平均为1.96%,MDQ黑色岩石w(TOC)平均为2.54%。化学蚀变指数ACI和w(Sr)/w(Cu)显示烟溪组时期为温暖潮湿的气候;生物成因钡w(Ba_(xs))为141.6～738.0μg/g,表明烟溪组沉积环境具有中等生产力;古氧化还原参数w(V)/(w(V)+w(Ni))和w(Th)/w(U)指示水体环境为缺氧—贫氧环境;有机质的富集受古生产力、古地理、海平面变化、陆源碎屑物等多方面因素影响,而闭塞性沉积盆地引起的水体缺氧环境是有机质保存下来的决定因素;烟溪组页岩有机质富集模式是受浊流沉积物影响的"深水滞留盆地"模式,华夏地块浊流沉积物的输入使盆地中部祁东地区的有机质丰度比研究区东南侧的丰度高。     

皖南皮园村组硅岩的沉积古地理环境及其演化

皖南蓝田剖面皮园村组为一套埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪过渡期(约550～532 Ma)沉积的黑色硅岩.皮园村组硅岩样品的w(Ce)/w(Ce*)为0.68～1.08(平均0.85),w(La N)/w(Ce N)为0.56～1.52(平均1.10),指示它们可能形成于大陆边缘环境.剖面下部与剖面上部样品具有明显不同的稀土配分:剖面下部样品的REE低,具有与现代海水非常相似的稀土配分,表明受陆源碎屑物质影响很小.虽然剖面上部样品依然保留了海水的某些特征,如Ce的负异常和Y的正异常,但总体显示出平坦的REE配分形态,且REE高,接近平均页岩,表明剖面上部样品受陆源碎屑影响大.w(Al2O3)也表现出下部样品低(0.03%～0.94%,平均0.41%)、上部样品高(0.74%～5.04%,平均2.98%)的特征.这些地球化学特征表明:皖南皮园村组硅岩很可能沉积于大陆边缘环境,其沉积水体由于海退的影响逐渐变浅,由深水盆地边缘环境转变为斜坡环境.硅岩沉积古地理环境的变化可能造成水体氧化还原环境的变化,从而对早期生命的出现、演化和分布产生影响.     

湘中地区早寒武世牛蹄塘组黑色岩系地球化学特征与有机质富集机理

中国南方扬子板块寒武纪早期广泛发育一套富有机质黑色岩系,为了研究其有机质富集特征及控制因素,对湘中地区AY-1井牛蹄塘组32件岩芯样品总有机碳质量分数w(TOC)、主微量和稀土元素质量分数等地球化学特征参数进行测试。研究结果表明:研究区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质丰度高,与热液相关的Ni和Sb等微量元素富集以及热液指标w(Co)+w(Ni)较高;w(P生物)和w(Ba生物)显示牛蹄塘组生产力在中—高等水平,w(U)/w(Al),w(V)/w(Al),w(Ni)/w(Co),w(V)/w(Cr)和w(U)/w(Th)共同指示水体基本处于缺氧、还原环境;从底部至顶部,页岩受热液作用强度、生产力水平和水体还原性变化均表现为由弱—强—弱的趋势,且与有机质丰度呈现正相关;顶部生产力水平虽然较高且趋于稳定,但沉积时海平面下降使水体还原性减弱,有机质无法良好地保存。强热液活动、高古生产力和强还原环境使牛蹄塘组中部形成高有机碳丰度的页岩层系,成为页岩气勘探的有利层段。     

黔北地区高成熟烃源岩地球化学的古海洋环境指示意义

中国南方中上扬子地区发育多套烃源岩,其中震旦系和下寒武统黑色页岩分布广泛,厚度大、有机质含量丰富、生烃潜力好。研究表明:有效烃源岩形成及发育主控因素的研究是预测优质烃源岩的基础;古生产力及氧化还原条件是全球气候变化和海洋环境研究的重要内容,也是重建有效烃源岩发育环境的主要参数。作者通过对控制海洋氧化还原条件的[U,V,Mo,Tu/U,V/Sc,V/(V+Ni)]等氧化还原敏感痕量元素在沉积物或沉积岩中的富集程度的研究,利用沉积物或沉积岩中这些痕量元素的含量来重建古海洋的氧化还原状态和沉积环境。从无机地球化学角度分析发育有效烃源岩的沉积环境。结果显示:下寒武统牛蹄塘组早期为较深水弱还原环境,之后逐渐演变为深水盆地严重缺氧的还原环境,可能受热液作用的影响,富集了V和Mo等金属的含矿层,最后又逐渐演变为水体变浅的弱还原环境。     

金属元素及其质量分数比值与湖泊古环境记录——以萨拉乌苏河滴哨沟湾全新世沉积为例

通过对萨拉乌苏河滴哨沟湾从末次冰期晚期到中全新世以来的河流相、湖相、泥炭沼泽沉积序列的金属元素分析,探讨了不同环境中沉积物的金属元素迁移、富集特征以及元素质量分数比值代表的环境意义.分析表明:V、Ni可能更多是在黏土中富集,而Fe_2O_3、Mn与还原条件有关,MgO、Sr、CaO与碳酸盐的形成有关.W、Bi、Co、Ce、Hf、Zr、Rb、Ti、Nb、K_2O、SiO_2、Al_2O_3主要赋存于较粗的颗粒中,水体强流动性、较浅水体、酸性氧化环境有利于这些元素的富集.金属元素在不同水介质中的溶解性、水体流动性以及在不同类型矿物中的富集、自生矿物形成时不同元素的富集特征等均影响了金属元素质量分数比值.w(Sr)/w(Ca)、w(Mg)/w(Ca)在水体流动性强、水体较淡、温度较低等环境中不能作为盐度的指标,而在水体滞留时间较长的湖泊环境中则是很好的盐度指标.高w(Fe)/w(Mn)指示了水浅流急的环境,但不能有效地指示水体较浅的还原环境,低值则指示了湖泊较深特征.指示风化作用强弱的w(Rb)/w(Sr)和CIA值与形成不同碳酸盐矿物的盐度状况、湖泊不同环境等有关,CIA值可能对流域的风化作用有较好的指示意义,而w(Rb)/w(Sr)对于水体较淡的湖泊指示意义更大.w(Si)/w(Al)可以有效地指示水体的深浅和水动力的强弱.     

准噶尔盆地北缘石炭系烃源岩元素特征及其环境意义

沉积岩中微量元素蕴含丰富的古环境信息,包括古水体盐度、古生产力、氧化还原性等,通过微量元素特征可以有助于评价源岩生油气潜力。利用野外样品的微量元素数据开展了准噶尔盆地北缘石炭系烃源岩沉积环境分析,石炭系样品Mn元素富集反映了强烈的火山作用对水体的影响;B、Sr、Ba等反映水体咸度的元素显示水体为弱咸水~淡水,并计算了古水体盐度:0.32‰~7.46/3.17‰,说明水体环境开放,海水受淡水改造作用强烈;V、Ni、U、Mo等氧化还原敏感指标反映当时水体处于弱还原环境,通过生源Ba重建了石炭纪古生产力。早石炭世相对于晚石炭世水体更咸,还原程度更高,古生产力较高,具有形成较高丰度烃源岩的潜力。     

内蒙古大苏吉地区埃达克质花岗岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

大苏吉花岗岩体位于内蒙古中部东西向白云鄂博-赤峰花岗岩带上,主量元素分析显示:富硅,铝碱质量分数偏高,相对富钠贫钾,贫钙、镁,岩浆分异演化程度高,属过铝质钙碱系列岩石.稀土和微量元素分析显示:稀土元素富集程度低,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土相对亏损,δ(Eu)=1.28~6.58,呈w(Eu)正异常.w(Sr)高,w(Y)、w(Yb)低,w(Sr)/w(Y)高,大离子亲石元素K、Th、Rb、Ba、Sr等富集,高场强元素Ta、Nb、Y、Yb等相对亏损,与典型的埃达克岩微量元素地球化学特征相似.综合分析表明,大苏吉地区埃达克质花岗岩可能是由俯冲的玄武质洋壳板片部分熔融形成的,埃达克质花岗岩的确定为探讨板块俯冲构造演化提供了新的证据,对深化该区成矿规律和找矿具有借鉴和指导意义.     

黄县盆地古近系煤中元素地球化学特征及其沉积环境指示意义

应用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)方法研究了黄县盆地古近系煤中的常量元素、微量元素及稀土元素的地球化学特征,并根据敏感元素的指示意义探讨了研究区的沉积环境。研究结果表明:黄县盆地古近系煤中常量元素氧化物以SiO_2和Al_2O_3为主;与地壳相比,微量元素富集Mo、Sb、Pb、Bi,其中Mo的富集系数达7. 99。稀土元素含量整体较低,分布在14. 79～222. 78μg/g,平均65. 02μg/g,低于中国煤,接近世界煤。稀土元素分布模式中所有样品十分相似,均呈左高右低的宽缓"V"形曲线,具有明显的LREE富集、HREE亏损的特征,Eu存在明显负异常,表明各煤层稀土元素与陆源碎屑岩关系密切,且成煤期间稀土元素来源一致,陆源物质的供应相对稳定。黄县盆地煤中稀土元素主要以无机相赋存在煤中的黏土矿物中。灰成分指数(Fe_2O_3+CaO+MgO)/(SiO_2+Al_2O_3)、Mg/Ca、δCe/δEu、Sr/Ba以及V/(V+Ni)反映了黄县盆地古近系煤层的沉积环境为还原条件下的陆相淡水环境,且气候湿润,期间间歇受到过海水的影响。     

鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵地区三叠系延长组长6浊积岩物源分析

利用重矿物及其组合、砂岩碎屑组成和岩石地球化学等资料对鄂尔多斯盆地黄陵地区三叠系延长组长6浊积岩的物源进行研究,发现长6油层组总体上稀土总量为中等—较高,轻、重稀土分馏不明显,为铕微正异常的弱右倾稀土谱型;泥岩w(Nb)/w(Ta),w(Th)/w(U),w(La)/w(Sm),w(Hf)/w(Th)和w(Gd)/w(Yb)(大部分大于2)等微量元素比值表明其与盆地东北缘造山带的太古界和元古界变质岩具有良好的亲缘性;浊积砂岩样品大部分落在隆升基底区域内.岩石地球化学特征、源区性质和构造背景共同表明,黄陵地区延长组长6浊积岩物源主要来自盆地东北部基底隆升的造山带.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.