高炉三维气固湍流和煤粉燃烧过程数值模拟

基于欧拉气相方程组、欧拉颗粒连续方程和动量方程以及拉氏颗粒能量和质量变化方程,建立并发展了高炉风口回旋区湍流气固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的三维数学模型.用所建模型分别对冷态模型内气固两相流动和某企业750 m3高炉风口回旋区内的气固两相三维流动与煤粉燃烧进行了数值模拟.采用三维激光相位多普勒分析仪(PDA)对冷态模型内气固两相流场进行了测量,实验结果与冷态两相流动的模拟结果基本一致.热态模拟结果给出了气相温度和组分浓度分布,模拟结果与实验测量结果较吻合,揭示了风口回旋区内气固两相流动和煤粉燃烧的基本性质和特点.     

气固两相自由射流燃烧的数值模拟

采用修正的k—ε湍流模型，利用k-ε-kp气固两相模型和EBU—Arrhenius燃烧模型模拟了不同工况下煤粉气固两相自由射流燃烧的过程。在SIMPLE计算程序的基础上编制了计算气固燃烧程序。由冷态气相场开始，计算了冷态颗粒场，热态气相场和热态颗粒场，其中包括了两相间的耦合及迭代过程。对冷态和热态气相和颗粒相湍动能进行了比较。模拟结果表明，为保证燃烧的充分进行，在一定的颗粒浓度下，应保证自由射流的入口速度。     

煤粉无焰燃烧的数值模拟

用组分输运方法对煤粉的无焰燃烧进行了数值模拟,湍流采用Realizable k-ε紊流模型,颗粒相采用随机轨道模型,挥发分的析出采用化学渗透模型(CPD),湍流化学反应采用涡耗散模型(Eddy-Dissipation),煤粉颗粒表面燃烧模拟采用内表面化学反应动力学模型,辐射传热采用P-1辐射模型.结果表明,实验数据与数值模拟吻合良好;煤粉无焰燃烧时,燃烧反应发生在整个炉膛空间,炉内温度分布较均匀,温差为200K左右,燃烧呈现低O2浓度特征,NOx排放浓度较低.     

正交射流燃烧器气固两相流动的数值计算

运用气相ｋ－ε模型和颗粒相化数方程模型对正交射流煤粉燃烧器气固两相流场进行了数值模拟，获得了该燃烧器内的气、固两相速度分布，颗粒质量流分布，并与实验值进行了对比，两者定性符合，同时，探讨了颗粒直径对颗粒混合的影响，得到了一些很有价值的结论。     

多喷嘴对置式煤气化炉内气固两相流动及壁面沉积

对我国具有自主知识产权的多喷嘴对置式煤气化炉内的气固两相流进行了数值模拟分析.在合理简化和假设基础上建立了基于Eulerian-Lagrangian模拟方法的炉内气固两相流动模型,采用Realizable k-ε模型描述炉内复杂气相湍流运动,应用颗粒轨道模型随机追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动.通过数值计算获得了炉内气固两相的速度矢量、颗粒分布、颗粒运动轨迹,以及颗粒碰撞并沉积于壁面的通量分布.揭示了该型气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动特征,并分析了入口速度和炉体上部高度对气固两相流动和颗粒在壁面沉积的影响规律.结果表明:对撞流显著增强炉内气固流动湍动,强化气固相互作用,并使煤粉颗粒在炉内有效分散,有利于化学反应高效进行;在喷嘴入口及顶部的壁面处颗粒沉积率较大.     

喷旋管道式分解炉内燃烧、分解过程的CFD模拟

针对水泥分解炉内煤粉燃烧、生料颗粒分解过程共存的特点，提出了相应的计算模型与方法，以CFX4为基础。采用用户软件，二次开发出模拟该现象的工程计算软件，并以工业化中实际使用的5500t／d的喷旋管道分解炉为对象，计算分析了炉内的煤粉燃烧、生料分解率在空间上的变化规律。探讨了炉内的湍流速度场及高温火焰燃烧区域、空气组分、颗粒体积浓度等的空间分布特征，指出了进一步优化的方向。     

铜闪速炉数值仿真

利用欧拉法求解气相方程,利用拉格朗日法求解颗粒相方程,并用PSIC法耦合气固两相方程．通过仿真得到反应塔内部的流场、温度场、浓度场、燃烧释热场以及颗粒的轨迹与温度．可视化结果表明闪速炉内部流场存在2个大涡;闪速炉内部温度除喷嘴下部外,基本分布均匀;反应塔中含硫铜精矿在反应塔上部2m处就基本反应完全,在距离精矿喷嘴不到5m处,所有颗粒达到峰值温度;反应塔内部温度场、浓度场、流场以及颗粒的轨迹表明反应塔内部的各种场并非轴对称,不能将反应塔简化为二维轴对称来处理;仿真结果和现场试验结果相符,温度校验点的相对误差小于2%．     

炉内燃烧场数值模拟研究

为深入了解硫磺回收装置中主燃烧炉的燃烧情况,参照现役结构建立了燃烧炉的三维实体模型,依据忠县天然气净化厂燃烧炉的实际运行参数对炉内组分及入口条件进行了设置,采用realinzable k～ε双方程湍流模型及EDC燃烧模型对炉内燃烧场进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:该方法能够较为真实地反映炉内燃烧情况;现役燃烧炉结构可促进气体间对流换热,实现炉内气体的强力混合;燃烧器是制硫反应的关键区域,单质硫在燃烧器内增量最快,提高燃烧器内气体混合效果有助于反应进行;气体在燃烧炉出口处速度分布不均匀,贴近炉衬处流速较大,说明现役花墙结构及布置有待改进。     

两段式气流床煤气化炉内熔渣壁面沉积数值模拟

为了研究我国自主研发的两段式干煤粉气流床气化炉内熔渣壁面沉积规律,对该气化炉进行了三维数值模拟.在合理假设的基础上,建立了基于Eulerian-Lagrangian模拟方法的炉内湍流多相反应流动模型,采用Realizable k-ε模型计算炉内气相湍流流场,应用颗粒轨道模型随机追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动与壁面沉积过程.通过数值计算获得了炉内气相流场、煤粉颗粒运动轨迹及其浓度分布,以及熔渣颗粒在炉膛壁面上的沉积率分布,揭示了该炉型内熔渣颗粒壁面沉积特性,并分析了不同进料方式对熔渣壁面沉积的影响规律.结果表明:两喷嘴对置进料使得熔渣主要沉积在喷嘴高度处两喷嘴之间的壁面上;四喷嘴对置进料使得一段壁面熔渣沉积率高于两喷嘴进料时的熔渣沉积率,且沉积率在圆周上的分布更加均匀,有利于形成均匀渣层对壁面进行有效保护;四喷嘴切圆进料使得炉内几乎所有熔渣颗粒都沉积在炉膛壁面上,且停留时间较短.     

Texaco气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动的数值模拟

应用Eulerian-Lagrangian方法对国内某工厂实际运行的Texaco气流床煤气化炉内气固两相流动进行了模拟.采用Realizable k-ε模型计算炉内复杂气体湍流运动,应用颗粒轨道模型追踪煤粉颗粒在湍流气流中的运动轨迹.通过数值计算取得了炉内气相速度矢量、颗粒运动轨迹、颗粒碰撞壁面并沉积于壁面的沉积通量和颗粒在炉内的停留时间分布.揭示了该气化炉的气固两相流动特性,并分析了运行工况对壁面沉积通量分布的影响规律.结果表明:气化炉内的气体流场存在回流,回流延长了颗粒在气化炉内的停留时间,颗粒沉积通量最大的位置为筒体段下部和锥体段上部; 绝大部分颗粒在气化炉内的停留时间在5 s以内,气体流量降低时颗粒在炉内的停留时间减少.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.