Analysis for retrieval and validation results of FY-3 Total Ozone Unit (TOU)

Retrieval experiment was made for global total column ozone using the first year measurements of Total Ozone Unit (TOU) on board the second generation polar orbiting meteorological satellite of China, FY-3/A. The retrieval results were analyzed and validated by comparison with AURA/OMI, Meteop/GOME-2 global ozone products and ground-based ozone measurement data. The qualititative comparisons over the globe especially over Antarctica and the Tibetan Plateau show that the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics are consistent with OMI and GOME-2 products. The quantitative comparisons with ground-based measurements and AURA/OMI ozone product were made over 74 stations, the TOU total ozone retrieval has a 3% rms relative error compared with AURA/OMI ozone product and 4.2% rms relative error with ground-based measurements. The maximum difference between satellite retrieval and ground-based measurements was found in the Antarctica ozone hole. The TOU global ozone product is operational and distributed to all users.     

卫星遥感监测大气臭氧总量分布和变化

 利用卫星紫外仪器TOMS、OMI和TOU的臭氧总量数据(1979-2014年),研究了全球及关键地区臭氧总量的分布及变化。讨论了南北半球臭氧总量分布和变化的差异,探讨了影响臭氧分布和变化的可能因子。重点分析了中国区域、青藏高原和极地的臭氧变化,并利用FY-3数据对南极臭氧洞和北极臭氧低值进行了监测。结果表明,臭氧总量的分布和变化在中高纬度地区具有很强的不均匀性,极地臭氧损耗依然明显,青藏高原的臭氧增长大于同纬度其他地区,其机制更加复杂。     

Vertical ozone profiles deduced from measurements of SBUS on FY-3 satellite

The FY-3 satellite is a second-generation Chinese polar-orbit meteorological satellite.The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Sounder (SBUS),one of the main payloads on the FY-3 satellite,is the first Chinese ozone-monitoring instrument on a meteorological satellite.As part of the in-orbit validation of FY-3,we carried out a retrieval trial using measurements from SBUS during the period of 17-30 July,2008,and compared those data with measurements and retrieved profiles from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric A...     

Estimating the outgoing longwave radiation from the FY-3B satellite visible infrared radiometer Channel 5 radiance observations

Based on the infrared radiation transfer model, the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and Channel 5 radiance of Fengyun-3B (FY-3B) satellite visible infrared radiometer (VIRR) were simulated for 3812 global soundings. Using regression analysis of the simulations, an inverse model, which connected the flux equivalent brightness temperature with the channel brightness temperature, was derived. By applying the model to the FY-3B VIRR L1 data, the global OLR data at the time of the passing of the FY-3B were processed. The quality of the data was validated by comparing it with that of the NOAA-18 satellite’s advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). The validation results show root mean square errors in the range 10-13 W/M 2 when comparing the daily average OLR of the VIRR with that of the NOAA-18 AVHRR, and the correlation coefficients were in the range 0.97-0.98. The larger RMSE is mainly due to the different passing times of the two satellites for the specific locations on the Earth. An example of the OLR data and its preliminary applications are given.     

基于VIRR逐日数据区域雪情监测方法研究

VIRR是FY-3卫星上搭载的遥感探测传感器之一.利用VIRR逐日数据进行区域雪情监测,首先对数据作辐射校正、几何校正等相应预处理,然后计算归一化积雪指数(NDSI),并结合通道2、9反射率设定综合阈值进行积雪信息提取,并可利用降雪周期内逐日积雪数据去云处理,实现地区连续降雪最大雪盖统计以便于分析雪情.根据区域地面站实测数据对监测结果进行精度分析验证.研究表明,利用VIRR资料能够有效提取积雪信息,反映地区积雪实情,可推进国产卫星在灾害预警系统中的应用.     

The Polar Orbit Meteorological Satellite in China

1 IntroductionMeteorological satellite is a kind of application satellite ,whichis of great importance of economic and social benefit .Since American Tiros-1 satellite obtainthe first global imagesfromthe orbit , various countries have launched more than130 meteorological satellites , which are working day andnight sending back earth images of different regions andmeteorological data continuously.Toobservethe earthsurfaceand atmosphere has become very important meteorologicalobservation nowad…     

卫星实测臭氧总量资料在区域气候模拟中的应用研究

 将卫星观测的TOMS臭氧总量资料应用于区域气候模拟中,在不同纬度的地区采用随季节变化的臭氧总量.以中国地区为例,对比模拟了考虑臭氧随季节、纬度变化和模式原有的固定臭氧值对气候的不同影响.结果发现:对区域气候模式RegCM2而言,用于研究中国地区时,模式中的臭氧总量比实际状况偏大,利用实测臭氧资料后能产生负的晴空辐射强迫,并引起云量变化,导致地表温度变化.     

Monitoring of the 2011 spring low ozone events in the Arctic region

Data from FY-3B SBUS and NOAA SBUV/2 were used to monitor ozone levels in the Arctic region from March 1 to April 5, 2011. Results revealed a significant ozone depletion in the area, with total ozone levels between 200–250 DU. The ozone levels recorded were 100–200 DU below normal, and in some parts the levels were as low as 200 DU, indicating a mini ozone-hole. During the sampling period, the ozone depletion area underwent identifiable expansion and detraction, a rotation around the North Pole from the west to the east, and a longitudinal movement from the Pole, spreading to the mid latitudes. The effects of these rare low ozone events were not only felt in the Arctic, but also extended to densely populated areas between Europe and the middle of Russia. In this region, rapidly increasing levels of ultraviolet radiation were detected at the Earth’s surface. Given the significant risk that this poses to both the environment and people’s health, this occurrence has significant global implications.     

Extensive halogen-mediated ozone destruction over the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Increasing tropospheric ozone levels over the past 150 years have led to a significant climate perturbation; the prediction of future trends in tropospheric ozone will require a full understanding of both its precursor emissions and its destruction processes. A large proportion of tropospheric ozone loss occurs in the tropical marine boundary layer and is thought to be driven primarily by high ozone photolysis rates in the presence of high concentrations of water vapour. A further reduction in the tropospheric ozone burden through bromine and iodine emitted from open-ocean marine sources has been postulated by numerical models, but thus far has not been verified by observations. Here we report eight months of spectroscopic measurements at the Cape Verde Observatory indicative of the ubiquitous daytime presence of bromine monoxide and iodine monoxide in the tropical marine boundary layer. A year-round data set of co-located in situ surface trace gas measurements made in conjunction with low-level aircraft observations shows that the mean daily observed ozone loss is approximately 50 per cent greater than that simulated by a global chemistry model using a classical photochemistry scheme that excludes halogen chemistry. We perform box model calculations that indicate that the observed halogen concentrations induce the extra ozone loss required for the models to match observations. Our results show that halogen chemistry has a significant and extensive influence on photochemical ozone loss in the tropical Atlantic Ocean boundary layer. The omission of halogen sources and their chemistry in atmospheric models may lead to significant errors in calculations of global ozone budgets, tropospheric oxidizing capacity and methane oxidation rates, both historically and in the future.     

气象卫星遥感陆表温度产品在公路路面温度监测中的应用

 使用FY-2G和Himawari-8卫星反演陆表温度产品,以天津境内津蓟高速和山西境内京昆高速有交通站观测的路段为试验对象,开展了卫星反演陆表温度产品在公路路面温度监测中的适用性及应用方法研究。卫星遥感陆表温度能够较好地反映出公路路面温度的日变化特征和逐日变化趋势,两者之间具有较好的相关性。使用线性回归方法,建立了卫星陆表温度的订正模型,并对实时卫星陆表温度产品进行滚动订正,大大降低了卫星反演陆表温度与实际路面温度之间的偏差。夏季时段平均绝对偏差由订正前的6.98℃降低至2.57℃,冬季时段由订正前的3.84℃降低至1.62℃。该方法在2017年5月18日京津冀周边地区一次高温过程路面温度的监测分析中具有较好的应用效果。     

基于多时相高分四号影像的雪盖范围提取

积雪覆盖监测是地球科学研究的基础,对于研究全球气候变化,开展防灾减灾救灾等工作都有重要的意义.高分四号卫星是我国高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项中唯一一颗民用高轨卫星,也是世界上首颗静止轨道高分辨率光学成像卫星,其机动灵活、高频次观测能力在积雪遥感业务化监测中具有广阔的应用前景.该文利用高分四号卫星多谱段、高时效、大幅宽和中分辨率等成像优势,紧密结合积雪和移动云层在多时相图像上的反射特点,提出了基于多时相高分四号卫星数据的积雪覆盖范围提取方法.首先对高分四号卫星全色图像进行二值化分割以消除低反射目标的影响;然后对多时相云雪覆盖区域进行合成来剔除移动云层的干扰;在此基础上,利用云、雪在多时相近红外图像上反射值变化的差异性,通过对多时相高分四号卫星近红外图像的最小值合成和阈值分割精细化地提取积雪覆盖范围,进一步去除变化云层的影响.以新疆中西部为试验区,通过与基于HJ-1B卫星的积雪覆盖结果比较,实验表明：两类数据提取的积雪空间分布具有较好的趋势一致性,高分四号卫星影像监测积雪范围更广,总体精度达92.19%,高于HJ-1B卫星图像的89.84%;但受空间分辨率和“不变云层”的影响,基于高分四号卫星影像的积雪识别精度为85.16%,低于基于HJ-1B卫星图像的识别精度94.53%.     

机器学习在遥感影像分类中的应用

 概述了机器学习的主要方法及其在遥感影像的主要应用方向,涵盖环境生态遥感中机器学习技术的研究、应用情况及近年来的新进展。通过使用深度学习对FY-3C气象卫星资料进行积雪检测的应用实例,说明深度学习模型可以利用大数据的优势不断提高检测精度,在某些指标中取得了更优于传统机器学习的精度,可解决传统机器学习难以解决的一些问题,从而带动遥感应用模式的创新。     

FY-3C VIRR和Terra MODIS NDVI产品在湘赣地区的一致性

卫星遥感是监测大范围植被动态变化最有效的手段.随着中国遥感技术的发展,国产风云卫星也逐渐应用于植被变化研究,但有关国产风云卫星刻画植被动态变化表现方面仍不明晰.比较了国产风云卫星(FY-3C VIRR)和美国Terra卫星(MODIS)的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation ...     

轨道根数对极轨气象卫星数据接收的影响

如果轨道根数不准确,由其计算出的地面数据接收站的天线程序控制跟踪数据就存在偏差,会导致天线不能准确跟踪过境卫星从而无法获取卫星数据.以风云三号数据接收为例,给出了轨道根数的计算方法,分析了由错误轨道根数导致的接收卫星数据失败的原因,从理论和实践上指出在极轨卫星数据接收中轨道根数的重要性.提出事先检验轨道根数,并纳入制定极轨卫星数据接收策略的必要性.     

Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink

The evolution of the Earth's climate over the twenty-first century depends on the rate at which anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions are removed from the atmosphere by the ocean and land carbon cycles. Coupled climate-carbon cycle models suggest that global warming will act to limit the land-carbon sink, but these first generation models neglected the impacts of changing atmospheric chemistry. Emissions associated with fossil fuel and biomass burning have acted to approximately double the global mean tropospheric ozone concentration, and further increases are expected over the twenty-first century. Tropospheric ozone is known to damage plants, reducing plant primary productivity and crop yields, yet increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to stimulate plant primary productivity. Increased carbon dioxide and ozone levels can both lead to stomatal closure, which reduces the uptake of either gas, and in turn limits the damaging effect of ozone and the carbon dioxide fertilization of photosynthesis. Here we estimate the impact of projected changes in ozone levels on the land-carbon sink, using a global land carbon cycle model modified to include the effect of ozone deposition on photosynthesis and to account for interactions between ozone and carbon dioxide through stomatal closure. For a range of sensitivity parameters based on manipulative field experiments, we find a significant suppression of the global land-carbon sink as increases in ozone concentrations affect plant productivity. In consequence, more carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere. We suggest that the resulting indirect radiative forcing by ozone effects on plants could contribute more to global warming than the direct radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone increases.     

南极臭氧洞对全球气候影响的数值试验

采用ＩＡＰ九层全球大气环流模式进行了南极臭氧洞气候效应的数值试验．试验和分析表明,南半球高纬和极地平流层臭氧含量的减少,不仅对南半球气候有明显影响,而且影响到北半球,使全球气候产生明显变化．     

风云气象卫星发展及其应用

 风云系列气象卫星是我国重要的空间基础设施,是气象现代化的重要标志。自1988年成功发射第1颗风云气象卫星以来,我国已成功发射了两代四型19颗风云系列气象卫星,目前8颗卫星在轨业务运行,已形成极轨和静止2个系列气象卫星的组网观测体系,实现了气象卫星系列化、业务化自主发展。风云气象卫星整体实力跻身国际先进行列,有力支撑了气象防灾减灾,为我国经济社会发展、“一带一路”建设等做出了重要贡献。介绍了我国风云气象卫星的发展历程,综述了卫星数据在数值天气预报、天气监测、气候和气候变化、生态环境灾害监测、农业遥感监测和“一带一路”服务等方面的研究和应用进展,展望了风云气象卫星的未来发展。     

全球卫星大气成分遥感探测应用进展及其展望

 随着全球变化的加剧,科学家和各国政府对大气环境日益关注,尤其是大气中的化学成分,不仅影响区域的空气质量,而且对全球气候变化产生不可估量的影响。卫星遥感探测大气中的化学成分是近年来全球对地观测领域的一个新兴分支。本文阐述全球及中国在卫星大气成分遥感探测领域的发展,以及目前已经和正在开展的各类卫星大气成分探测进展,综述大气气溶胶、主要痕量气体、主要温室气体的卫星遥感探测国际和国内现状,以及掩星和临边探测大气成分垂直廓线的进展,展望未来全球在该领域的发展方向。     

Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply

More than half of the solar energy absorbed by land surfaces is currently used to evaporate water. Climate change is expected to intensify the hydrological cycle and to alter evapotranspiration, with implications for ecosystem services and feedback to regional and global climate. Evapotranspiration changes may already be under way, but direct observational constraints are lacking at the global scale. Until such evidence is available, changes in the water cycle on land?a key diagnostic criterion of the effects of climate change and variability?remain uncertain. Here we provide a data-driven estimate of global land evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2008, compiled using a global monitoring network, meteorological and remote-sensing observations, and a machine-learning algorithm. In addition, we have assessed evapotranspiration variations over the same time period using an ensemble of process-based land-surface models. Our results suggest that global annual evapotranspiration increased on average by 7.1?±?1.0?millimetres per year per decade from 1982 to 1997. After that, coincident with the last major El Ni?o event in 1998, the global evapotranspiration increase seems to have ceased until 2008. This change was driven primarily by moisture limitation in the Southern Hemisphere, particularly Africa and Australia. In these regions, microwave satellite observations indicate that soil moisture decreased from 1998 to 2008. Hence, increasing soil-moisture limitations on evapotranspiration largely explain the recent decline of the global land-evapotranspiration trend. Whether the changing behaviour of evapotranspiration is representative of natural climate variability or reflects a more permanent reorganization of the land water cycle is a key question for earth system science.     

基于部分线性模型研究空气臭氧含量与气象因素的关系

针对空气中臭氧含量增加对人体健康和生态环境均产生较大影响,而低空大气中臭氧污染日益恶化这一问题,就空气中臭氧含量提出部分线性模型。研究其与相关气象影响因素之间的关系,包括每日最高温度、太阳辐射和风速,并结合核方法和自助法得到臭氧含量均值估计和重要分位数估计,为空气质量监测和预测提供部分理论依据;结果表明空气中臭氧含量与每日最高温度和风速线性相关,与太阳辐射非线性相关,且回归估计函数随太阳辐射整体呈"S"型增长,臭氧含量均值为70. 58 ppb,它的10%、25%、50%、75%和90%分位数分别为42. 98 ppb、58. 64 ppb、71. 84 ppb、85. 49 ppb和96. 30 ppb。