埋地输油管道的断裂失效概率评估

利用Monte Carlo模拟方法编制了断裂失效概率的计算程序 ,并对某输油管道进行了实例计算。计算结果表明 ,R6通用曲线、R6附录 8的C Mn曲线、CVDA 84压力容器缺陷评定规范和KI 因子等 4种断裂判据在服役初期的差别微小 ,但在服役后期 ,它们之间的差别增大。在所有的参数中 ,初始裂纹深度、断裂韧性、流变应力和管道壁厚等参数对管道断裂失效概率的影响最大 ,选定的概率分布类型对失效概率的计算结果也有影响。利用水压试验方法可以明显地降低管道在运行时的断裂失效概率。     

考虑约束效应的概率断裂失效分析

针对试样几何、加载方式会在裂纹尖端产生不同的约束效应,对存在缺陷的构件进行安全性评定、寿命评估和失效概率计算时考虑约束效应,在R6失效评定曲线基础上,采用T-应力作为约束参量,建立与约束相关的失效评定曲线.在单向和双向载荷情况下,利用Mont-carlo法对存在半椭圆形表面裂纹的构件进行概率断裂力学分析,并与由传统R6失效评定曲线得到的结果进行比较.在不同的双向载荷比和裂纹几何情况下,讨论约束效应对裂纹失效概率和失效点位置预测结果的影响程度.结果表明,裂纹尖端的约束效应对构件断裂失效概率和起裂点位置均具有较大的影响;载荷比越大,由两种评定曲线计算得到的失效概率越接近.     

压力容器失效概率的统计断裂力学分析

本文使统计断裂力学方法分析了不同设计曲线,探伤、断裂韧度、初始裂纹深度分布及屈服韧带宽度等多种因素对容器失效概率的影响,用MonteCarlo模拟法计算了各种情况下的容器失效概率,并通过参数敏感性分析比较了各随机变量分布参数对容器失效概率的影响程度.     

基于PIE模型的管道机械挖掘失效概率预测

目前,油气埋地管道遭受的第三方破坏日渐显著,加之第三方事件具有随机性强,不易预测等特点,因此,对其失效预测已成为一项紧迫的难题.针对油气管道所受的机械挖掘破坏,借助相关数学分析手段,将管道缺陷的尺寸转变为断裂力学相关参数,再拟合得到管道损伤的威布尔累计概率曲线,并使用PIE模型预测管道所受机械挖掘的失效概率.利用算例分析对多组挖掘载荷下不同失效模式的概率计算,得到了管道的失效概率曲线.研究结论可为管道定量风险评价提供相关依据.     

埋地灰口铸铁管失效预测模型及影响参数分析

针对研究解决早期埋设的灰口铸铁管存在的破损频繁、漏失严重等影响输配水安全问题,运用管土相互作用受力模型得到管道应力,结合灰口铸铁管的腐蚀模型、剩余强度评价方法和失效准则,得到管道失效预测模型,最终利用蒙特卡罗方法计算管道可靠度,并进行影响参数分析.计算结果表明:大直径管道失效主要由环向应力控制,而小直径管道失效多为纵向应力控制;由于渗漏或不均匀沉降引起的管道基础局部流失在腐蚀深度超过一定深度时对失效概率的影响较大;腐蚀模型参数、未支撑长度、剩余强度参数对安全因子分布具有重要影响.腐蚀是影响灰口铸铁管失效的重要因素,意在减缓腐蚀速度的管道防腐技术可以有效减少管道的失效频率,延长管道使用寿命.     

汽包与管道疲劳损伤断裂可靠性分析

针对火电厂中汽包与管道在运行过程中发生疲劳损伤断裂失效这一类问题 ,提出一种概率疲劳损伤断裂失效分析方法 ,它以汽包与管道类压力容器结构的初始疲劳质量状态为基础 ,考虑了汽包或管道在疲劳条件下材质损伤衰变、萌生裂纹及其扩展时的随机性 ,采用概率统计方法 ,建立起以裂纹长度为准则的汽包与管道发生疲劳损伤断裂失效时的功能函数 ,同时还给出了按近似概率分析方法中的JC法与一次二阶矩法计算了汽包或管道在不同循环次数下的疲劳裂纹超过数概率。上述分析与计算 ,实质上反映了对汽包或管道疲劳损伤断裂失效时的疲劳寿命进行可靠性评估的概率分析新方法。本文中最后引用汽包与管道用耐热钢的疲劳试验结果 ,与上述分析方法得到的预测结果加以对比验证 ,表明提出的这一新方法是合理的和可靠的。     

高温高压含硫气井屏障部件失效概率分析

目前中外油气井定量风险评估普遍采用的WellMaster和OREDA的井屏障部件失效概率数据库对四川盆地高温高压含硫气井的准确性及适用性均较差.因此,为了针对四川盆地高温高压高含硫气井特点,根据各井屏障部件的质量、服役环境、测试结果和管理水平等分析,对井屏障部件实际服役条件下的失效概率计算方法进行研究,利用层次分析法将评价指标分为目标层、准则层、方案层3个层次,采用1-9标度法建立评价矩阵进行失效影响因素的加权权重计算,实现定性与定量方法的结合,准确地获取了不同井况条件和井屏障现状下的失效概率值.结果表明,基于层次分析法所建立的失效概率修正计算方法可以有效地结合各部件影响程度的已知数据,同时可对数据库的失效数据进行较为准确的修正.     

基于R6方法的弹塑性断裂概率分析

以英国新版(第三版)的R/H/R6(下称R6方法)作为评定球罐失效的依据,并将概率方法引入R6方法中,用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)法计算球罐逐年的失效概率,其结果与其它方法相比,R6方法表现出它的保守性。同时,作者还对R6方法中的保留因素与失效概率的关系进行了分析和研究。     

在役球罐的最佳探伤方案设计

本文推导并计算了球罐在使用期内进行探伤的最佳方案,即在使用期内对球罐k次探伤,以怎样的时间间隔进行才能使其服役到设计寿命时的失效概率为最小.并对下列问题作了研究:1、参数的敏感性问题;2、不同设计曲线对最佳探伤方案的影响;3、与等间隔周期探伤方案的比较.     

对数正态分布无失效数据的Bayes统计分析

利用对数正态分布的性质,从失效概率在时间相差较小的情况下应具有时间的连续性出发,讨论了检验时刻失效概率的分层Bayes估计,进而利用分布函数曲线拟和方法得到了母体参数的线性回归估计,并结合实际问题进行了计算．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to