水稻苗期形态性状的QTL定位

采用苗期形态性状上有着明显差异的粳稻Asominori和籼稻IR24杂交产生的重组自交系（RILs）为材料,经营养液培养后,对水稻苗期形态相关的6个数量性状：最大根长（MRL）、苗高（SH）、根干重（RDW）、茎（叶）干重（SDW）、总重（TW）以及根/茎（叶）干重比（RSR）进行了数量性状位点（QTL）定位分析.结果共检测到影响6个形态性状的8个QTL位点,分别位于水稻的第2,4,10和11染色体上,其贡献率为9.79%～22.90%.并发现位于第4染色体上的控制根/茎（叶）干重比的qRSR-4和根干重的qRDW-4的2个位点以及位于第10染色体上的控制茎（叶）干重的qSDW-10和总重的qTW-10的2个位点分别位于同一分子标记区间.研究结果对水稻苗期形态性状QTL的精细定位及培育理想株型具有一定的应用价值.     

Comparative mapping of rice root traits in seedlings grown in nutrient or non-nutrient solution

The component and amount of nutrient in the growth medium are the major factors affecting root growth.For the systematic dissection of root gene expression,evaluation of nutrient and non-nutrient solutions was conducted for their effect on root traits and quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping.Three rice root parameters,maximum root length(MRL),root dry weight(RDW),and root/ shoot ratio of dry weight(RSR),were characterized within a double haploid(DH)population from a cross of ZYQ8(indica)and JX17(japonica).The value of the three root traits in two parents all decreased under the nutrient condition compared to those under the nonnutrient condition,of which RSR decreased up to 2.6-fold on average.In the DH population,more than 70 % lines in MRL,94 % lines in RDW,and all the lines in RSR were scored lower.In total,eight QTLs were identified in nutrient system(5 from JX17 alleles and 3 from ZYQ8 alleles)while five QTLs were detected in non-nutrient system(4 from JX17 alleles and 1 from ZYQ8 alleles).Of them,one QTL for RSR was shared by both culturing systems,seven QTLs were specific in nutrient system and the other four QTLs were specific in non-nutrient system.All 13 QTLs were distributed over 7 rice chromosomes-2,3,4,5,6,9 and 10,respectively.     

Detecting quantitative trait loci for water use efficiency in rice using a recombinant inbred line population

Breeding rice with high water use efficiency (WUE) can ameliorate water shortage through water-saving irrigation.However,WUE is a complex quantitative trait and very few studies have been conducted to measure WUE directly.In this study,a recombined inbred line population derived from a cross between an indica lowland rice and upland japonica rice was used to dissect the genetic control of WUE by fine-monitored water supply experiments.Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were scanned for 10 traits including heading date (HD),water-consumption per day (water/d),shoot weight gain per day (shootw/d),root weight gain per day (rootw/d),kernel weight gain per day (kernelw/d),average WUE at whole plant level (WUEwhole/d),average WUE for up-ground biomass (WUEup/d),average WUE for grain yield (WUEyield/d),average economic index (econindex/d),and average root/shoot ratio per day (ratio/d).The results show that most of the traits were significantly correlated to each other.Twenty-four QTL (LOD ≥ 2.0) were detected for econindex,econindex/d,WUEyield,WUEyield/d,WUEup,WUEup/d,WUEwhole,WUEwhole/d,kernelw,kernelw/d,rootw,and water/d by composite interval mapping.These QTLs are located on chromosomes 1,2,4,6,7,8,and 12.Individual QTLs accounted for 4.97%-10.78% of the phenotypic variation explained.Some of these QTLs overlapped with previously reported drought resistance QTLs detected in this population.These results provide useful information for further dissection of the genetic basis and marker-assisted selection of WUE in rice.     

Effect of cadmium and herbicides on the growth,chlorophyll and soluble sugar content in rice seedlings

To investigate the combined effects of Cd^2＋ （ 0,10,100,500 μmol/L） , acetochlor （AC） （0,1.6,4.0,8.0μmol/L）, and bensulfuronmethyl （BSM） （ 0,0.16,0.40,0.80 μmol/L） on the biomass,leaf soluble sugar, total chlorophyll （chl） content, chl a/b ratio, and Cd content in roots and shoots in the rice seedlings, pot culture experiments were conducted with rice （Oryza sativa L. ） cultivar Jinyou 402. The results showed that the Cd and AC combined treatment （Cd＋ AC treatment） significantly inhibited the growth of the roots and shoots. The root dry weight/shoot dry weight （RDW/SDW） ratio, total chlorophyll content and chl a/b ratio decreased by 41%, 50%, 56% , respectively, in comparison with the control, as well as the leaf soluble sugar content, plant dry weight /plant fresh weight （PDW/PFW） ratio increased by 284% and 44% , respectively. Cd content in the roots and shoots had a decreasing tendency with the increasing concentration of AC under the Cd＋AC treatment. The Cd and BSM combined treatment （Cd＋BSM treatment） had a similar result to the Cd＋AC treatment. The results suggest that the toxicity of Cd to rice seedlings has been enhanced due to its combination with herbicides.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza. Sativa. L) may cause yield reductions. This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population. By using the linkage map of this population, the QTLs for relative dry weight, relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located. The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight, relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight, which explain 24.9%, 20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations, respectively. Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content, which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations. One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency. It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency. Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency, the root dry weight is more important than others.     

Comparative mapping of QTLs for Al tolerance in rice and identification of positional Al-induced genes

Aluminum (A1) toxicity is the major factor limiting crop productivity in acid soils. In this study, a recombinant inbreed line (RIL) population derived from a cross between an A1 sensitive lowland indica rice variety IR1552 and an A1 tolerant upland japonica rice variety Azucena, was used for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for A1 tolerance. Three QTLs for relative root length (RRL) were detected on chromosome 1,9, 12, respectively, and 1 QTL for root length under A1 stress is identical on chromosome 1 after one week and two weeks stress. Comparison of QTLs on chromosome 1 from different studies indicated an identical interval between C86 and RZ801 with gene(s) for A1 tolerance. This interval provides an important start point for isolating genes responsible for A1 tolerance and understanding the genetic nature of Al tolerance in rice. Four A1 induced ESTs located in this interval were screened by reverse Northern analysis and confirmed by Northern analysis. They would be candidate genes for the QTL.     

水稻品种耐旱性鉴定的形态学评价指标研究

水稻耐早性鉴定是选育耐早水稻品种的前提。以22个水稻、陆稻和早稻品种为材料,研究了在干旱胁迫条件下,不同品种(组合)幼苗反复干旱存活率、播抽历期(日数)、株高、单穗重、着粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重等方面的变化趋势。苗期耐旱性鉴定中,采用幼苗反复干旱存活率,对苗期耐旱性进行评价,全生育期耐旱鉴定中,通过多重相关分析和产量结构分析,筛选出播抽历期(日数)、株高和单穗重3个与产量形成关系最密切因素的干旱胁迫指数,构成综合耐早指数,采用综合耐旱指数作为评价水稻品种全生育期耐旱性的指标,最后提出了苗期耐旱性鉴定和全生育期耐旱性鉴定的分级标准。     

Seminal,adventitious and lateral root growth and physiological responses in rice to upland conditions

Understanding the growth and physiological responses of rice to upland conditions would be help-ful for designing treatments to improve the tolerance of rice under a rainfed system. The objective of this studywas to investigate the initiation, elongation and membrane stability of seminal, lateral and adventitious roots of upland rice after 9-d upland condition treatment. Compared with control roots under waterlogged conditions,upland water deficiency conditions favor seminal and lateral root growth over adventitious root growth by accel-erating seminal root elongation, promoting lateral root initiation and elongation, and reducing the elongation and number of adventitious roots. Enhanced total root number and length resulted in increase of total root dryweight and thereby increasing the mot-to-shoot ratio. Organic compound leakage from seminal root tips and ad-ventitious roots increased progressively to some extent with upland culture duration, while significant increasesin seminal root tips were the consequence of loss of membrane integrity caused by the upland-condition en-haneed growth.     

Dissecting anxiety-related QTLs in mice by univariate and multivariate mapping

To detect genes underlying anxiety-related traits in mice,we performed univariate and multivariate QTL mapping analyses of phenotypes obtained from 71 mice of the BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains (n=528 mice) and their parental strains (C57BL/6J and DBA/2J).Separate and joint mapping analyses were carried out using a linkage map composed of 506 simple sequence repeats (SSRs).The main QTL effects,interactions between pairs of QTLs (epistasis),and their environmental interactions were estimated.The results showed that anxiety-related traits were influenced by multiple QTLs (five main effect QTLs and three epistatic QTLs).Ten potential anxiety-related candidate genes within the QTL intervals on chromosomes 5,13 and 15 were identified.Some of these genes have been reported previously to be associated with the anxiety response.Based on our results,it is suggested that the multivariate QTL mapping approach improves the statistical power for detecting QTL and the precision of parameter estimation.Moreover,multivariate mapping can also detect pleiotropic QTL effects.     

Effects of road networks on ecosystem service value in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Based on the land use (LU) (in 1985 and 2000) and road networks (RN) data in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR), ecosystem services value (ESV) loss under the disturbance of road networks was estimated by using landscape degradation index (LDI) to clarify the effects of human activities on ecosystem service function (ESF). Results show that the ESV decreased more than 65×10⁸ Yuan (RMB) due to the transformation of ecosystems in the study area during the past 16 years. The ecosystems influenced by road networks of different grades account for 5.4% of the total land in the study area. The ecosystems lost their ESV of 1900×10⁸ Yuan (RMB) by the disturbance of RN. The effect of RN on the ESV decreased exponentially. The forecast shows that ESV will be decreased 1.2%/a on average in 2010 and 2020 due to RN projects. The effect of ecosystem structure change on ESV was complex and nonlinear. The disturbance of RN, one of the human activities influencing ESF is considered, further study and new method should be developed to accurately estimate the loss of ESV and the ecosystem function.

     

Correlation analysis and QTL identification for canopy temperature, leaf water potential and spikelet fertility in rice under contrasting moisture regimes

Canopy temperature (CT), leaf water potential(LWP) and spikelet fertility (SF) of a set of RILs (F9) from the cross between Zhenshan97B and IRAT109 were investigated under two soil moisture regimes in a drought screen facility. In water stress condition, CT was negatively correlated with SF (r = -0.2867) and LWP (r = -0.2740), and LWP was positively associated with SF (r = 0.1696). These results indicated that the plant with high drought tolerant ability could maintain higher LWP and lower CT, leading to highe rSF. A total of 44 main effect QTLs were associated with CT,LWP and SF. The accumulated contributions of QTLs for CT,LWP and SF were 87.85%, 15.06%, 79.46% under well water condition and 72.61%, 87.68%, 33.29% under stress condition, respectively. Totally 45 pairs of digenic interactions were detected. The accumulated contribution of digenic epistasis on CT, LWP and SF were 55.69%, 47.15%, 48.15% under well water condition and 53.44%, 57.94%, 54.62% under water stress condition. Compared with other drought tolerance QTL mapping researches in rice, 19 main effect QTLs were found to be located at the same or closely conjoint regions.     

两种植物生长调节剂对木槿插穗生根的影响

【目的】了解木槿扦插生根机制,探索植物生长调节剂萘乙酸(NAA)和吲哚丁酸(IBA)对木槿嫩枝扦插的影响,筛选提高木槿扦插成活的配方,为木槿扦插繁殖提供参考。【方法】以木槿1年生嫩枝为试验材料,采用3种质量浓度(100、300、600 mg/L)的NAA和IBA溶液处理插穗,以清水为对照(CK)进行完全随机区组扦插试验,对插穗解剖结构、生根性状和叶片生理指标进行观测,测定了插穗的生根率(RR)、根鲜质量(RFW)、根系TTC还原强度(RA)、TTC还原总量(TTC_RA)、平均根长(ARL)、根平均直径(RAD)、根表面积(SA)、根体积(RV)、根尖数(RT)、根长密度(RLD)、比根长(SRL)、叶绿素含量(Chl)和净光合速率(P_n)等。【结果】①显微观察发现,木槿不定根原基最先由位于插穗形成层和髓射线结合点处钝圆锥形的薄壁细胞群分裂分化而成,不定根发生后通过皮孔向外伸出;②与CK相比,300 mg/L的IBA处理下,木槿插穗的生根性状和生理指标中RR、RFW、RA、TTC_RA、ARL、RAD、SA、RV、RT和RLD分别增加了554%、527%、58%、892%、198%、50%、282%、457%、126%、198%,而SRL、Chl和P_n分别降低了52%、51%和82%;③相关性分析发现,木槿插穗叶片Chl、P_n与大部分根系指标呈负相关;④通过隶属函数法对各处理生根能力评价可知,IBA处理下插穗生根能力比NAA处理的高,300 mg/L的 IBA处理下生根能力最强。【结论】木槿插穗以皮部生根为主;木槿插穗生根过程中地上部分生长与地下部分生根存在竞争关系,两种植物生长调节剂能够促进木槿插穗地下部分生根,抑制地上部分生理性状;植物生长调节剂具有浓度阈值效应,300 mg/L IBA处理是促进木槿扦插生根最适宜的配方。     

巴西陆稻IAPAR9抗旱的根系性状

与其抗旱性呈极显著正相关;IAPAR9有中等发达程度的根系;干旱使根系内导管面积及数目大幅降低,但严重干旱（40%田间持水量）时,IAPAR9仍能维持一定生长量,因为IAPAR9根内导管面积较大,这是其抗旱性较好的物质基础之一.     

Statistical method for mapping QTLs for complex traits based on two backcross populations

Most important agronomic and quality traits of crops are quantitative in nature.The genetic variations in such traits are usually controlled by sets of genes called quantitative trait loci (QTLs),and the interactions between QTLs and the environment.It is crucial to understand the genetic architecture of complex traits to design efficient strategies for plant breeding.In the present study,a new experimental design and the corresponding statistical method are presented for QTL mapping.The proposed mapping population is composed of double backcross populations derived from backcrossing both homozygous parents to DH (double haploid) or RI (recombinant inbreeding) lines separately.Such an immortal mapping population allows for across-environment replications,and can be used to estimate dominance effects,epistatic effects,and QTL-environment interactions,remedying the drawbacks of a single backcross population.In this method,the mixed linear model approach is used to estimate the positions of QTLs and their various effects including the QTL additive,dominance,and epistatic effects,and QTL-environment interaction effects (QE).Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method and to assess the accuracy and efficiency of its estimations.The results showed that the proposed method could estimate the positions and the genetic effects of QTLs with high efficiency.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting tolerance to low phosphorus in rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

Phosphorus (P)-deficiency in rice (Oryza.Sativa.L) may cause yield reductions.This research has been conducted to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in a doubled haploid (DH) population.By using the linkage map of this population,the QTLs for relative dry weight,relative P content and relative P utilization efficiency have been located.The results indicate that one RFLP marker located on chromosome 6 is closely associated with relative root dry weight,relative shoot dry weight and relative total dry weight,which explain 24.9%,20.5% and 25.2% of the total phenotypic variations,respectively.Two QTLs affect relative P uptake content,which account for 20.7% of the total phenotypic variations.One micro-effect QTL has been found to be associated with relative P utilization efficiency.It is suggested that the P uptake efficiency is more associated with P efficiency.Among the secondary physiological indices of P uptake efficiency,the root dry weight is more important than others.     

Molecular dissection of genetic basis of significant correlation among five morphological traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

To enhance understanding of the genetic basis of trait correlation in rice, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (F₆ and F₇) from a cross between Zhenshan97 and HR5 was employed to identify main quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and epistatic QTL (E-QTL). Highly significant positive correlations were detected among five traits of heading date (HD), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), flag leaf length (FLL) and flag leaf width (FLW) in 2 environments. Four to 8 main QTLs were detected for an individual trait. No E-QTL was detected for PH. One, 4, 4 and 5 E-QTLs were detected for FLL, HD, FLW and PL, respectively. Each E-QTL individually explained less than 3% of trait variation except E-QFll1. Comparison of QTL results was made in order to dissect the genetic basis of trait correlation. We found that main QTLs with pleiotropic effects and QTL clusters were the main genetic basis of trait correlation. No E-QTL had pleiotropic effects. E-QTL played an important role in the genetic basis of individual trait, but it made a little contribution to trait correlation.     

Primary analysis of QTG contribution to heterosis in upland cotton

In this paper, we analyzed the contribution of pure DNA factors to heterosis using quantitative trait genes (QTG) in two randomly selected strains from a recombinant inbred line of Gossypium hirsutum. According to a set of QTL mapping results, combined with analysis of DNA recombinant fragment sources in the two strains and QTL association analysis with their field traits, we hypothesize a view of “dominance + overdominance + epistasis”. That is, additive and additive epistasis may be the genetic basis of heterosis, and dominance, overdominance and epistasis may be the modes of heterosis action. Based on the heterosis results of this study, we also suggest a molecular mechanism for heterosis, and explain, in detail, with two randomly selected strains as examples. The male and female parent-derived additive epistatic QTLs of upper half mean length in LG01 and LG03 produced a trait variance of 2.99–3.52 compared with the female parent-derived loci. The trait of bolls per plant was controlled by two pairs of additive epistatic QTLs in LG02 and LG07, which were derived from both female and male parents. The QTLs were reciprocally interacted and produced a trait variance of 0.86. An initial concept of “super-hybrid cotton” was raised according to the nature of additive effect, that is genetic stability.     

核桃JrEFM1转录因子响应逆境及激素的表达模式

MYB转录因子在调控植物生长发育和逆境响应方面发挥着重要的作用.通过克隆获得了核桃的1条R1-MYB类转录因子EFM基因(命名为JrEFM1),利用生物信息学和实时荧光定量RT-PCR(RT-qPCR)技术,分析在不同非生物及植物激素处理下JrEFM1的表达规律,探究了JrEFM1的基本生物学功能.结果显示,JrEFM1的编码区长为1 320 bp,编码蛋白含439个氨基酸,分子量为48.322 KDa,理论等电点为9.26.与葡萄、番薯等具有较近的进化关系.其启动子包含干旱胁迫(MBS)、热激响应(HSE)、水杨酸(SA)、玉米素(O2-site)和赤霉素响应(GARE-motif)等相关元件.对JrEFM1在干旱,冷害,热激,ABA,JA,SA处理下的表达情况进行分析,发现JrEFM1可被这些处理不同程度地诱导,同时根和叶表现出不同的转录水平.表明JrEFM1可响应逆境胁迫,并与激素信号通路相关;JrEFM1可作为核桃逆境响应机制研究及抗逆育种的优良候选基因.     

Inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait in Australian wild species ofGossypium

Five Australian wild cotton species with the delayed gland morphogenesis trait, as well as G. arboreum, G. davidsonii and four different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum, Gl₂Gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃, gl₂gl₂Gl₃Gl₃, and gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, were used in this experiment and 10 interspecific hybrids were obtained by the crossing among them. According to the gland expression on the seeds and plants of the interspecific hybrids, the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of Australian wild cotton species was opened out as follows: (ⅰ) the inheritance of the delayed gland morphogenesis trait was almost the same among the 5 Australian wild cotton species, and the gene or genes which controlled this trait may be located in the same loci. (ⅱ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant over the glanded seed trait of G. arboreum, a genome A species, and the seeds of interspecific hybrid F₁ between them were glandless. However, it was recessive over the glanded character of genome D species, G.davidsonii, and their F₁ was a typical glanded one. (ⅲ) The glandless seed trait of the Australian wild cotton species was recessive or incomplete dominant over the glanded cotton but dominant over the glandless cotton of G. hirsutum, and the glandless genes (gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃) of upland cotton had great weakening effect on the glanded plant trait of the Australian wild cotton species on the other hand. For the two main glanded genes of upland cotton, the delayed gland morphogenesis trait of the Australian wild cotton species was dominant epistatic over glandless genes, gl₂gl₂gl₃gl₃, and one of the glanded genes, Gl₂Gl₂, but was recessive epistatic over the other glanded gene, Gl₃Gl₃. Therefore, it is much convenient to use Gl₂Gl₂gl₃gl₃ as the upland cotton parent in the interspecific hybridization and backcrossing afterward, in order to produce the upland cotton germplasm with glandless seeds and glanded plant trait.     

基于生物-生态耦合工艺的农村生活污水处理研究

开发低投资、低能耗、低维护的生活污水处理工艺是解决农村污水处理问题的关键。采用无动力升流式厌氧生物滤池(UAF)与潜流式人工湿地(SFW)耦合工艺处理农村生活污水,考察了耦合工艺在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下对生活污水的处理效果,并通过增加SFW内的植株密度改善脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:UAF与SFW耦合工艺无动力消耗,免维护,适合农村地区的生活污水处理,对氮、磷的去除主要依靠SFW阶段完成,通过增加芦苇的植株密度可以明显增强SFW内生物的脱氮除磷能力,并保证UAF与SFW耦合工艺的处理性能稳定在较高水平。在t(HRT)UAF=18h,t(HRT)SFW=3d的条件下,UAF与SFW耦合工艺出水COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的平均质量浓度分别为44.07,4.25,13.36和0.44mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准。