中国第一个超光速实验在北京广播学院获得成功

北京广播学院通信工程系的黄志洵、逯贵祯教授及硕士研究生关健,最近完成了一篇英文论文“Superluminal and Negative Group Velocity in the Electromagnetic Wave Propagation”(“电磁波传播中的超光速群速和负群速”),今年6月在《Engineeting Science in China》(ESIC——中国工程院院刊英文版)上发表。文章的前半为理论研究——分析了产生群速超光速和负群速的条件;讨论了截止波导中消失波条件下的超光速群速和负群速。文章的后半报道了关于“超光速群速”的实验——据我们所知,这是国内的首例超光速实验。该实验采用同轴光子晶体(CPC)结构进行,获得了阻带中的超光速群速,V_g=(1.5～2.4)c。     

电磁波传播中的超光速群速和负群速

分析了产生群速超光速和负群速的条件。讨论了截止波导中消失波条件下的超光速群速和负群速。用模拟同轴光子晶体的结构进行实验,获得了阻带中的超光速群速,Vg=(1.5-2.4)c。     

论量子超光速性

A.Einstein对量子力学(QM)的反对态度从1926年开始显露,1935年与B.Podolsky、N.Rosen联合发表论文时达到顶点,而EPR论文后来是从反面促进了科学的发展。该文以狭义相对论(SR)为思想基础,而SR和EPR都否定超光速的可能性。但QM允许超光速存在,并与研究超光速的前提即QM非局域性一致。1985年John Bell说,Bell不等式是分析EPR推论的产物,该推论说在EPR文章条件下不应存在超距作用;但那些条件导致QM预示的奇特相关性。Aspect实验的结果是在预料之中的,因为QM从未错过,现在知道即使在苛刻的条件下它也不会错;可以肯定实验证明了Einstein的观念站不住脚。Bell认为在进退两难的处境下可以回到Lorentz和Poincarè,他们的以太是一种特惠参考系,在其中事物可以比光快。Bell指出正是EPR给出了超光速的预期。……1992年以来有多个超光速实验成功的报道,有的以量子隧穿为基础,有的利用经典物理现象(如消失波、反常色散)。而在2008年,D.Salart等用处于纠缠态的相距18km的2个光子完成的实验证明其相互作用的速度比光速大一万倍以上,为104c～107c;可以说此实验对有关EPR的长期争论作了结论。过去25年来,量子超光速性是笔者的主要研究课题之一。1985年我们提出了量子势垒的等效电路模型;1991年我们最早指出截止波导中消失波模有负相速(vp0)和负群速(vg0)现象,笔者的专著《截止波导理论导论》获全国优秀科技著作奖。2003年我们用同轴光子晶体进行实验并观测到阻带中的超光速群速,为(1.5～2.4)c。2005年我们提出广义信息速度(General Information Velocity,GIV)和在2010年提出量子超光速性(Quantum Super-luminality,QS)两个概念,并建议改造现有的高能粒子加速器以寻找和发现超光速奇异电子。本文则较深刻地讨论了QS的若干问题,涉及微观粒子的速度定义、EPR思维与超光速研究的关系、量子纠缠态作用速度、量子隧穿的超光速性、负波速、Casimir效应的超光速性。文中指出Sommerfeld-Brillouin波速理论的意义和不足,用实验例说明量子光学(QO)方法与经典物理概念结合运用是重要的。自2000年以来的负群速实验常以某金属(如铯、钾、铷)的原子蒸汽状态作为受试对象,充分利用激光的高科技特性和手段,从而使之成为具有典型QO特征的现代物理实验,因而极不同于经典性质的物理实验。负群速不仅是超光速的特殊形态,而且普遍具有下述特征:输入脉冲进入媒质前,出口处即呈现输出脉冲峰,因而与经典因果性不同。虽然关于QS的知识和发现是丰富的和生动的,并且极有启发性,但它并不正面和直接地回答"物质、能量、信息能否以超光速传送"的问题。设计巧妙而有说服力的实验仍是科学家们的基本任务。     

论量子超光速性

A.Einstein对量子力学(QM)的反对态度从1926年开始显露,1935年与B.Podolsky、N.Rosen联合发表论文时达到顶点,而EPR论文后来是从反面促进了科学的发展。该文以狭义相对论(SR)为思想基础,而SR和EPR都否定超光速的可能性。但QM允许超光速存在,并与研究超光速的前提即QM非局域性一致。1985年John Bell说,Bell不等式是分析EPR推论的产物,该推论说在EPR文章条件下不应存在超距作用;但那些条件导致QM预示的奇特相关性。Aspect实验的结果是在预料之中的,因为QM从未错过,现在知道即使在苛刻的条件下它也不会错;可以肯定实验证明了Einstein的观念站不住脚。Bell认为在进退两难的处境下可以回到Lorentz和Poincarè,他们的以太是一种特惠参考系,在其中事物可以比光快。Bell指出正是EPR给出了超光速的预期。……1992年以来有多个超光速实验成功的报道,有的以量子隧穿为基础,有的利用经典物理现象(如消失波、反常色散)。而在2008年,D.Salart等用处于纠缠态的相距18km的2个光子完成的实验证明其相互作用的速度比光速大一万倍以上,为104c～107c;可以说此实验对有关EPR的长期争论作了结论。过去25年来,量子超光速性是笔者的主要研究课题之一。1985年我们提出了量子势垒的等效电路模型;1991年我们最早指出截止波导中消失波模有负相速(vp0)和负群速(vg0)现象,笔者的专著《截止波导理论导论》获全国优秀科技著作奖。2003年我们用同轴光子晶体进行实验并观测到阻带中的超光速群速,为(1.5～2.4)c。2005年我们提出广义信息速度(General Information Velocity,GIV)和在2010年提出量子超光速性(Quantum Super-luminality,QS)两个概念,并建议改造现有的高能粒子加速器以寻找和发现超光速奇异电子。本文则较深刻地讨论了QS的若干问题,涉及微观粒子的速度定义、EPR思维与超光速研究的关系、量子纠缠态作用速度、量子隧穿的超光速性、负波速、Casimir效应的超光速性。文中指出Sommerfeld-Brillouin波速理论的意义和不足,用实验例说明量子光学(QO)方法与经典物理概念结合运用是重要的。自2000年以来的负群速实验常以某金属(如铯、钾、铷)的原子蒸汽状态作为受试对象,充分利用激光的高科技特性和手段,从而使之成为具有典型QO特征的现代物理实验,因而极不同于经典性质的物理实验。负群速不仅是超光速的特殊形态,而且普遍具有下述特征:输入脉冲进入媒质前,出口处即呈现输出脉冲峰,因而与经典因果性不同。虽然关于QS的知识和发现是丰富的和生动的,并且极有启发性,但它并不正面和直接地回答"物质、能量、信息能否以超光速传送"的问题。设计巧妙而有说服力的实验仍是科学家们的基本任务。     

负波速研究进展

近年来有众多实验证明了超过真空中光速的可能性,并从理论上和实验上对群速超光速和负群速作了研究。本文着重论述负波速的光传播,例如光脉冲通过被测物(如原子气室或光纤)时其峰值在进入它之前就在它的输出端出现了,从而呈现出负渡越时间和负群速(NGV)。可以证明当Goos-Hnchen位移GHS为负,即D<0,而|D|>dΦ/dkz,则可获得负渡越时间(τ<0)。……文中论述的NGV传播是依靠反常色散媒质或消失波而实现的。在电磁理论中相速、群速可定义为矢量或标量。如在标量表达时出现负号,例如νg=-c/ng,不能认为负号只表示向反方向传播。必须指出在Sommerfeld-Brillouin波速理论中负群速是超光速的一种形态。本文提出了开展"三负研究"的思想,所谓"三负"是指负折射、负波速和负GH位移。如果我们透过现象看本质,这三方面的内在联系是非常重要的。最后,本文深入讨论了量子波动的内容和意义。     

学术自由讨论是科学发展的前提——评黄志洵新著《超光速研究新进展》

2002年夏季，黄志洵教授的著作《超光速研究新进展》出版。书中介绍关于超光速研究的重要理论和实验进展，并按三个部分叙述不同领域的有关研究，如超光速理论与实验、反常色散与负群速（王力军等人的光脉冲超光速传播实验）、波粒二象性理论的成就和问题、EPR思维、中微子质量研究进展等。这是一本内容新颖、丰富、生动的好书，对读者颇具吸引力。文章强调指出，学术上的自由讨论是科学发展的前提。     

论电磁波传播中的负速度

近10年来,多国科学家以实验研究了在短波、微波、光频和太赫波频段发生的超光速现象.在许多情况下,是发送脉冲后使之作负速度波传播,从而实现超光速传播的.本文概述了在负速度波传播方面的理论研究和实验研究.例如,实验中使光脉冲通过原子气室,其峰值到达入口前即在出口处浮现,呈现负渡越时间和负群速.故群速可以大于光速,可以为无限大,甚至可以为负.近年来,实验和观察中累累发现负速度的超光速现象,故可以认为它是科学研究的前沿之一.     

无源媒质中电磁波的异常传播

目前人们的研究兴趣是改变光脉冲的群速度,产生光停、慢光、快光(超光速的光).按照物理理论,反常色散媒质中可能出现“快光”,而它就称为“快光媒质”.已有许多产生快光的实验,这就开辟了被称为“色散技术”的研究前景.例如,科学界对群速超过真空中光速c的信号传播感到好奇.而在另一方面,以群速vg行进的短波脉冲、微波脉冲、光脉冲,如vg比无限大还大,就称为负群速(NGV)传播.这时发生如下现象:输入脉冲峰到达被测物(DUT)之前,DUT输出端已呈现脉冲峰的身影.这虽与直观经验不符,但都是实验发现.当某种材料中光的群速为负,这就是NGV媒质.虽然NGV时常出现在增益系统中,无源系统也不断发现NGV现象;后者可由同轴电缆、波导、微带线、光纤而构成.实验中如加大失配即可加大群时延,进而获得NGV.若n为媒质有效折射率,则获得NGV的条件是{f/n dn/df}＞1.虽然许多实验证明了群速超光速现象存在,科学界仍感困惑.2001年证明了关系式(-v)e=|T|2vg((-v)平均能速,T系统传输系数),故当vg很大(vg＞c|T|-2)时能速将比光速大.有关研究带来了令人兴奋的可能性.Brillouin的信号速度定义存在问题,数学意义超越物理意义.我们的反驳是,最重要之点在于传播中不失真的波群(波包).由此出发的理论分析证明,众多NGV研究者已观察到的超光速传播其实就是实现了超光速通信.……超光速群速传播和负群速波传播,这两者各有其用途.科学家们把这与多个领域(如光通信、光场压缩态、量子纠缠)相联系,并得出结论说,高效、低耗的快光的潜在应用是广阔的.     

电磁波经典波速理论及存在问题

对电磁波波速的定义作深入的讨论,并指出:群速具有基础性和重要性.近年来,实验技术上的改进更保证了群速定义有效和有价值,应当引起重视.论述了Sommerfeld-Brillouin经典波速理论的意义及存在的问题.介绍了某些"群速超光速"和"负群速"实验.     

电磁波经典波速理论及存在问题

对电磁波波速的定义作深入的讨论，并指出：群速具有基础性和重要性。近年来，实验技术上的改进更保证了群速定义有效和有价值，应当引起重视。论述了Sommerfeld-Brillouin经典波速理论的意义及存在的问题。介绍了某些“群速超光速”和“负群速”实验。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.