Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.47368×10^11, 1.66160×10^11 and 1.77895×10^11 yuan RMB （hereafter referred to as yuan） respectively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regiona planning as an important basis of regional planning.     

Study on RS-and GIS-based ecological capital assessment in arid areas

Ecological capital assessment is currently one of the important research contents in the interdisciplinary field of ecology, resources economics, environmental economics and ecological economics. To scientifically assess ecological capital redounds to decision-makers to consider the ecological cost in economic development, and is also necessary for sustainable economic development in arid areas. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, in this paper the per unit area ecological capital values in arid areas are researched by using the Land-sat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data and other ecological data, and the RS- and GIS-based models of assessing ecological capital values in arid areas are developed. Moreover, based on the field-measured data, a case study on ecological capital assessment in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang in 2003 is carried out. The basin is divided into 4 ecological capital areas so as to quantitatively calculate the ecological capital values of the ecosystems, analyze the spatial distribution of ecological capital, and chart the maps of spatial distribution of ecological capital. The results show that the total ecological capital value of the ecosystems in the Manas River basin in 2003 was 1.494 54×1011 yuan RMB. In spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the distribution of vegetation zonality in this arid area. The assessed results can objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in the arid basin, and can also provide reference for roundly carrying out the assessment of ecological capital in arid areas.     

Study on RS- and GIS-based ecological capital assessment in arid areas

Ecological capital assessment is currently one of the important research contents in the interdisciplinary field of ecology, resources economics, environmental economics and ecological economics. To scientifically assess ecological capital redounds to decision-makers to consider the ecological cost in economic development, and is also necessary for sustainable economic development in arid areas. Based on the theory of landscape ecology in this paper the per unit area ecological capital values in arid areas are researched by using the Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data and other ecological data, and the RS- and GIS-based models of assessing ecological capital values in arid areas are developed. Moreover, based on the field-measured data, a case study on ecological capital assessment in the Manas River basin, Xinjiang in 2003 is carried out. The basin is divided into 4 ecological capital areas so as to quantitatively calculate the ecological capital values of the ecosystems, analyze the spatial distribution of ecological capital, and chart the maps of spatial distribution of ecological capital. The results show that the total ecological capital value of the ecosystems in the Manas River basin in 2003 was 1.49454×10^11 yuan RMB. In spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the distribution of vegetation zonality in this arid area. The assessed results can objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in the aridbasin, and can also provide reference for roundly carrying out the assessment of ecological capital in arid areas.     

Study on Three-layered Grid Conceptual Prototype Using Ecological Network Computing Environment

Next generation grid systems where the emphasis shifts to distributed global collaboration, a service-oriented approach and information layer issues exhibit a strong sense of automation. Requirements for these systems resemble the self-organizing and the healing properties of natural ecosystems. Some key ecological concepts and mechanisms are introduced into the design for the third generation grid computing architectures by inspiration of this resemblance. Also, an Ecological Network-based Computing Environment (ENCE) platform is designed in this paper. Based on the ENCE platform, a grid-computing model of three-layered grid conceptual prototype that embeds the ENCE layers is presented from the viewpoint of implementation. The implementation model should be useful to the design of the third generation grid systems.     

Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys —— Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.     

Theoretical critical value curve and driving force formation of ecological migration in the arid land

The features of the fragile eco-environment of the arid land decide that its capacity of disturbance-resistance is lower. The natural desert oases in the arid land are in mosaic patches distributed in a wide Gobi desert. The population distribution is greatly dependent on water resources. The population is characterized with dispersed distribution, simple production and living style, and poverty and remoteness. The reason why the ecological migrations are carried out lies in the ecological problems. ＂Ecological degradation＂ is the main driving force of the ecological migration. Then, the strength of the driving force depends on the degree of ecological degradation. Hence, whether to carry out ecological migration depends on the extent of ecological degradation. Theoretically, the critical value curve for calculating ecological migration in the arid land is put forward through comprehensive research of relative problems of ecology, economics etc., combined with the ecological migration experience in the arid land, and based on the features of the arid environment. In this article, with this curve, the theoretical research and some practice of the ecological migration have been done from the perspective of natural behavior and governmental behavior of the driving force formation of ecological migration. It analyses the active driving force （factors） and negative forces （factors）, and points out the timing and steps of implementing the ecological migration in the arid land. The theoretical curve embodies certain originality and applicability, which provides a quantitative method for evaluating the degree of ecological degradation and the theoretical base for implementing ecological migration projects.     

Characteristics of wetland functional degradation and its ecological water requirement for restoration in Yilong Lake of Yunnan Plateau

The wetland functional degradation can be described as the weakening or unbalance of the wetland functions under natural interference or active jamming, which makes the wetland unable to perform its unique functions or causes the weakening of these functions. By using fuzzing mathematics, this paper studied the grades the wetland functions and calculated their index values. By this quantitative method and based on the function index values, we analyzed the wetland function degradation and calculated the water quantity required to meet different functional needs in each season... Here we put forth three graded restoration schemes by integrating the ecological water requirement of different grades with the ecological restoration including water replenishing, water consumption and water pollution. According to the calculated model, the water level and water quantity for the low scheme are 1414.53 m and 1.30×10^8 m^3 respectively; 1415.38 m and 1.78×10^8 m^3 for the middle sheme, and 416.87 m and 2.14×10^8 m^3 for the high scheme.     

GMOs： The new hotspot in ecological research

Gene flow is an important ecological and genetic process, and the fitness conferred by the insertion of a foreiga gene could be important in ecology after it becomes introgressed into the wild genetic background of organisms,which is the determinative factor for the fate of GMOs or foreign genes in natural ecosystem and for the competition with native species. Trophic interrelation fulfilled by food chains is the most important correlation between species in ecosystem and could be affected by the modified genotypes after the introduction of GMOs. The technology enabling the precise manipulation of genotype is a great opportunity for the stndy of ecological genetics in an unknown way prior to the biotechnology era. Especially interesting is the impact of genes on ecosystem function when GMOs are released into environment. A variety of ecological terminology has been frequently used in assessment of ecological risks related to the release of GMOs in environment, e.g. gene flow, fitness,interspecific competition and food chain. The value of GMOs in ecological research is illustrated through several examples in biasafety assessment related to those terms here. It is proposed that ecolegists should pay attention to the study of gene function in ecosystem and take the opportunity to enrich ecological theory with the release of GMOs.     

Spatial variability on vegetation parameters in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Study on pattern and change on land cover stands an important aspect to global change. The spatial characteristics of ecological system show some familiar or disfamiliar principle with up-scaling or down-scaling process, which can be defined as spatial autocorrelation. In this paper, four typical parameters of ecological features, say Gross Primary Product （GPP）, Net Primary Product （NPP）, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, and Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI）, are selected to investigate the spatial variability on vegetative features in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, Southwest China. Moran coefficient （MC） is calculated for spatial autocorrelation degree, and semivariance function is used for spatial variability and spatial heterogeneity analysis. The results show that： （1） the ecological features show negative autocorrelation in the whole region. The higher anisotropy is on northsouth direction, and then on southeast-northwest direction. （2） The spatial variability scale is great on vegetative features in the whole region. （3） The autocorrelation distance on north-south direction is the greatest, then on southwest-northeast direction. Through the above analysis it can be found that the vegetative features are consistent with direction of landform in LRGR, which is shown on higher autocorrelation on south-north direction, and lower on west-east direction.     

Ecological functions of ciliated protozoa in marine ecosystem：effects on accumulation of ambient ammonia

Effects of ciliated protozoa, Euplotes vannus and Uronema marinum, on accumulation of ammonia in marine waters are detected using experimental ecological method, in order to reveal the contributions and functions of ciliates to the marine ecosystem. During experiments, the concentrations of ammonia-N, and the densities of ciliates and bacteria are measured. The results reveal that ciliates can change the procedure of ammonia accumulation by their grazing activity, and maintain ambient ammonium at low levels through interrupting the stationary phase of bacteria population growth and enhancing their growth and metabolism. The present work confirms that ciliates, as bacteria-predators, play positive roles in maintaining and improving water quality in marine ecosystems, especially in intensive mariculture biotopes.     

黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价

以黄河三角洲为例进行了区域生态风险评价理论和方法的探讨。针对黄河三角洲主要生态风险源洪涝、干旱、风暴潮灾害、油田污染事故以及黄河断流的概率进行了分级评价;并提出度量生态损失与生态风险的指标和公式,分析了风险源的危害作用;运用遥感资料、历史记录、调查数据和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,完成了区域生态风险综合评价;在此基础上提出黄河三角洲的区域生态风险管理对策。     

青海湖北部湿地生态健康评估

以青海湖北部湿地为例,从生态系统健康的内涵出发,构建由组成结构、整体功能和外部环境3个要素15个指标组成的生态健康评价指标体系,借鉴生态系统医学理论划分健康等级及评分范围,并在此基础上采用熵权法,AHP法两种方法确定指标权重,计算近10年的生态健康指数,进而对青海湖北部湿地进行了生态健康趋势分析,结果表明其生态健康近10年处于上升状态.对青海湖北部湿地进行生态健康趋势分析,可为青海湖生态研究提供参考依据,为流域的规划管理和保护及其综合治理提供决策依据.     

基于人工神经网络的青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统风险研究

根据青藏公路铁路沿线（50 km缓冲区）生态系统特征,选取雪灾、旱灾、崩塌滑坡等7项指标,依托人工神经网络MLP（Multilayer Percetron）模型,构建青藏公路铁路沿线生态风险评价模型。评价结果显示：青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统所跨越的6个自然区的平均生态风险值居前3位的是：柴达木山地荒漠区（4.2585）,果洛那曲高寒灌丛草甸区（2.7640）、青东祁连山地草原区（2.7335）;沿线10种植被生态系统平均生态风险值居前3位的是：针叶林生态系统（4.3096）、荒漠生态系统（4.1174）和无植被地段（3.6182）。在影响各区、各植被生态系统风险值大小的因素中,自然因素为主要控制因素,人为因素影响相对较弱。依据评价结果,将青藏公路铁路沿线生态系统划分为4个区：柴达木盆地高风险区、西大滩至当雄中度风险区、青东祁连和青南2个轻度风险区。     

京津冀生态系统质量空间特征及生态红线建议

在对京津冀地区生态质量现状进行评价的基础上,利用GIS(地理信息系统)的空间分析功能,根据研究区的资源环境现状和自然资本承载力与区域经济社会发展的关系特征,在计算各区域生态质量分级的基础上,分别对其生态质量的时空特征,初级净生产力,森林植被覆盖变化等方面进行评价,结果显示:近年来京津冀生态系统质量有明显提升.京津冀区域28%的森林生态系统质量有改善,3%左右的森林生态系统质量存在下降趋势.2010-2015年,京津冀城市群净初级生产力呈现出较小波动变化趋势.相较于2000-2010年,京津冀城市群森林生态系统植被覆盖度的变化,只有高植被覆盖度区域呈现出增加的趋势.     

长江流域安徽段生态系统服务价值与景观生态风险时空演变及其关联分析

【目的】综合运用生态系统服务价值和景观生态风险评估,更好地为长江流域安徽段可持续发展提供决策支持,也为跨江区域生态环境管护提供一定参考。【方法】基于1995年、2005年和2015年安徽省土地利用数据,采用生态系统服务价值评估、景观生态风险评估和双变量空间自相关模型等方法,分析长江流域安徽段生态服务价值、生态风险时空变化及其关联特征。【结果】①1995—2015年研究区总生态系统服务价值呈减少趋势,减少率为0.54%;研究区以较高和中等生态服务价值等级为主,主要分布在长江沿岸、大别山区及皖南山区。②近20年长江流域安徽段生态风险整体呈升高趋势,以中、较低和低生态风险等级为主;空间上,较高和高风险区主要分布在长江沿岸及巢湖区域,并由集聚分布趋于连片扩张。③长江流域安徽段单位面积生态系统服务价值与生态风险之间存在空间正相关性,主要关系为高价值-高风险相关,即生态服务价值高的区域也是生态环境比较脆弱的区域,应特别关注。【结论】必须重视对湿地和林草景观的保护,加强以长江沿岸、巢湖区域为主的湿地生态保护和对大别山、皖南山区自然山体林草景观的保护与修复,将对提高长江流域安徽段生态系统服务功能和保护长江生态环境起着重要作用。     

基于相对风险模型的区域生态风险评价

部分生态系统在现代社会经济发展过程中遭到了不同程度的破坏,而生态风险评价是对生态系统健康状况最重要的衡量方法之一。以云南省为研究区,选取4类主要风险源,划分5类生境,以生态系统为风险受体,4类生态系统服务为评价终点,采用相对风险模型(relative risk model, RRM),分别计算云南省各生境、风险源、评价终点及评价单元的生态风险值,并划分风险等级;利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法进行不确定性分析,并结合评价结果进行风险管理分析。结果表明：云南省生态风险整体状况良好,空间差异较小;昭通市的相对风险等级最高,但结果误差最大;城市生态系统生境受到的风险、人口负荷风险源对生态系统造成的风险、调节服务对生态风险的响应,三者评价结果均为最高;风险源的不确定性对风险结果的影响存在低估现象,且风险演变模拟结果趋向收敛。     

黄土高原地区的可持续发展问题

通过对黄土高原地区生态经济系统的结构、功能、特点及生态环境恶化原因的分析,指出生态系统的脆弱性、经济系统结构的不合理性和人口的过快增长是该区生诚破坏和贫穷落后的主要原因,也是该区实施可持续发展战略的主要障碍,因此,必须从改善区域生态环境的总目标出发,尤其是从防治黄河下游水患的需要出发,通过政策调控,将生态环境的恢复与重建放在首位,建立黄河流域的生态支持体系,在此基础上合理开发利用资源,促进经济、社     

中国自然灾害生态风险评价

进行中国（陆地）生态风险评价研究,旨在探讨大尺度的区域生态风险评价方法并实施评价,为生态系统的风险识别和风险防范提供科技支持。选择10种自然灾害作为生态风险源,22种生态系统作为风险受体,并考虑生态-环境脆弱性的影响。在各单项灾害生态风险评价的基础上,完成了中国灾害生态风险综合评价与制图。评价结果显示,从诸种自然灾害风...     

沈阳左小河流域生态治理的研究

通过对左小河流域生态环境的调查和水质监测数据的分析,将左小河干流划分为七个河段,选择四类十一项指标分段进行生态评价.针对各河段存在的主要生态问题,提出三项生态治理措施和四大生态治理工程.     

基于PSR框架的甘肃省环县耕地生态安全评价

以生态退化区甘肃环县为研究区,通过构建"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型,从自然、经济和社会3个方面选取20个评价指标,建立耕地生态安全评价指标体系,计算耕地生态安全指数并划分安全等级,对2005-2016年环县耕地生态安全变化状况进行定量分析.结果表明:①基于PSR模型的评价指标体系能够较好地反映耕地生态系统各个要素之间的关联,适用于区域耕地生态安全的综合评价.②2005-2016年期间,环县耕地生态安全水平逐渐提高,生态功能有所改善,耕地生态安全经历了"恶化-敏感-安全"的演变过程.③单项指标的变化表明环县2005-2016年间人口密度、人均耕地面积、土地垦殖率、单位面积耕地化肥施用量、年降水量以及工业废水排放达标率变化明显,是影响区域耕地生态安全状况的关键因素.今后在加强对耕地数量保护的同时,应采取休耕等耕地休养方式加强耕地质量和耕地生态建设与维护,致力于耕地生态系统的恢复和重建,促进区域耕地可持续利用.