基于分布式水文模型DHSVM的平通河流域水文模拟

中小河流域水文预报时,由于流域水文资料缺乏,洪水发生时间短,传统的水文模型难以取得良好的效果.基于平通河流域研究了分布式水文模型DHSVM的建立过程、建模方式以及模型的结构和参数,探讨了分布式水文土壤植被模型在平通河流域的适用性.并结合平通河水文资料进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,采用DHSVM模型能够较好的反映流域日径流水文过程,模拟的相对误差均在10%以下,模型在平通河流域具有一定的适用性;从模型的结构角度对结果产生的误差进行了探讨.     

基于土壤地形指数和下垫面水文分区的流域模型参数率定

针对流域水文响应会受到地质、地形、地貌、植被、土壤等自然地理因素以及土地利用等下垫面因素综合作用的特点,根据流域下垫面的地理特征进行水文响应分区。借助遥感资料对流域下垫面进行分类并获取土地覆盖/土地利用信息,结合流域土壤类型数据与地形指数推求流域的土壤地形指数。进一步地,利用遥感分类信息和土壤地形指数进行流域的水文分区,率定各个水文分区SCS模型的参数CN值并进行水文模拟,结果表明,屯溪流域21次和东湾流域32次洪水径流模拟相对误差均比传统方法的小。     

雅鲁藏布江奴下水文站以上流域水文过程及其对气候变化的响应

以雅鲁藏布江奴下水文站以上流域为研究对象,针对缺资料流域的水文计算和预测问题,采用流域水文模型THREW,用地面气象观测、遥感植被覆盖和积雪面积等资料,基于断面水文监测数据对模型进行率定,应用CMIP5数据对径流演变进行预估。结果表明:对于雅鲁藏布江奴下水文站以上流域,THREW模型对1991—1995年率定期月径流模拟的纳什效率系数为0.75,对1996—2000年验证期月径流模拟的纳什效率系数为0.76;IPCC AR5所设置在CO2排放量最大的情况下,径流明显增加。     

HYMOD与改进SCS模型的应用比较研究

简要描述了概念性水文模型HYMOD和改进的SCS模型结构和参数.尝试将HYMOD应用于淮河史灌河水系鲇鱼山水库流域日径流模拟,并与改进的SCS模型的模拟结果进行比较分析.结果表明:对于率定期1975-1985年和检验期1986-1995年,改进的SCS模型的模拟结果都优于HYMOD模型.     

植被—土壤—水文相互作用及生态水文模型参数的动态表述

植被与土壤、水文之间存在复杂的相互作用,是生态水文模型和植被变化生态水文效应评估研究的重点.虽然陆面植被指数等动态变化对流域截留、蒸散发等水量、能量平衡项影响已有较多研究,但植被地下生物量变化如何改变土壤结构和水力特性,进而影响入渗和径流等水文过程研究相对缺乏.本文综述国内外植被变化对土壤、水文动态变化特征研究成果基础上,分析植被变化水文响应的阈值效应和尺度效应、植被变化下的土壤水力参数时变特征定量表述及其与植被、土壤类型以及气候条件的关系.在生态水文模型中,考虑植被因子对土壤水力参数影响的动态表达可以提高植被变化下水文效应模拟和预测的可靠性.     

石羊河流域无观测资料地区径流模拟

基于水文模型管理和调配石羊河流域无资料地区的水资源,首先要解决模型的参数问题.为了使模拟结果更贴近实际观测值,基于变异系数法量化流域水文相似度,选取参证流域,构建SWAT水文模型,移植其模型参数进行水文模拟.以西营河为参证流域,将金塔河作为验证流域,移植参数进行径流模拟,结果表明模拟值与实测值平均相对误差、相关系数及效率系数分别为9.3%、0.80、0.78,其拟合精度满足模拟要求.在此基础上,构建无观测资料东大河流域的SWAT模型,移植西营河流域的模型参数进行径流模拟.结果表明,东大河多年平均径流量模拟值为3.345×108 m3,与实际观测值的平均相对误差为3.38%,可满足径流模拟的要求.有效地提高了西北内陆河流域无观测资料地区水文模拟精度,较好地解决了径流模拟中的不确定性问题.     

三峡库区小江流域AnnAGNPS模型参数分析

AnnAGNPS是一个批处理、连续模拟流域尺度的分布式农业模型,其根据水文特征将流域划分成若干同质分室或集水单元,模拟流域内每个水文单元和流域整体输出的径流、泥沙、养分和农药的负荷.本文以三峡库区小江流域为例,介绍了构建该模型所需要的气象、地形、土地利用、土壤、作物、非作物、作物管理、施肥、农药、径流曲线等参数的方法.     

基于SWAT模型的柴河水库流域径流模拟研究

SwAT模型能与GIS结合模拟复杂流域不同土地利用条件下的水文和非点源污染过程.采用ArcSWAT对柴河水库流域进行径流模拟,利用2002-2003年的实测水量、降水数据进行参数率定,应用2004-2005年的实测数据进行模型验证.模拟结果表明,SWAT模型在柴河水库流域径流模拟中的适用性和可靠性良好,可为流域水文过程的预测提供可靠的模型基础.     

基于栅格垂向混合产流机制的分布式水文模型

根据已有产流机制的研究结果,提出了当土壤含水量大于栅格蓄水容量时会产生径流的栅格蓄水容量概念,以及通过栅格植被根系层深度和田间持水量计算流域内各点栅格蓄水容量的栅格蓄水容量计算方法,并在充分考虑流域内植被类型、土壤类型和土壤水分参数对流域蓄水容量分布影响的基础上,应用栅格垂向混合产流机制描述植被根系层的水量变化,从而避免了对复杂的土壤水运动过程的直接描述.甸子流域的应用结果表明,基于栅格垂向混合产流机制的分布式流域水文模型对多年连续序列模拟的效率系数达到0.744,年均径流深误差为1.18-mm,相对误差为2.18%.此模拟结果对于寒旱区的水文过程模拟来说是可以接受的.     

黄土高原祖厉河流域日降雨-径流过程模拟

以陇西黄土高原祖厉河流域为研究区,采用松散耦合方式集成SCS模型和Clark方法,就区域尺度日降水-径流过程进行模拟研究.SCS模型参数空间化基于土地利用、土壤类型、坡度和前期水文条件等实现,Clark单位线的计算基于最大汇流时间和流域滞时两个关键参量进行.模拟结果表明:SCS模型能够实现黄土高原净雨的分布式模拟,产流总量误差为2.61％;净雨经Clark方法调蓄后,模拟的流域出口断面的流量精度在0.80以上(Nash系数和复相关系数).较好的模拟精度表明两种方法结合应用于黄土高原区域尺度日降雨-径流过程的分布式模拟是可行的.研究可为半干旱黄土高原区域尺度水文循环时空动态量化工作提供模式借鉴.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to