论裂解反应系统热力学和动力学因素的综合作用

通常认为化学反应系统中目的产物的最高产率是由热力学预计的平衡产率决定的。在同一反应条件下,目的产物的实际最高产率不能超过其平衡产率。本文提出了如下的新观点:对于复杂化学反应系统,必需区分两种平衡产率,一是潜平衡产率(PMEY),二是总平衡产率(GEY)。用化学热力学方法计算所得的平衡产率不是前者而是后者,反之,最高产率的热力学限度不是后者而是前者。目的产物的实际最高产率可以超过其总平衡产率,但不能超过其潜平衡产率。本文用改进的松弛法搜索了总平衡产率,用热力学分析法求得了潜平衡产率,用动力学方法计算了目的产物的实际峰值产率。例如,乙烷裂解反应系统于1300°K 进行反应,乙烯的总平衡产率为5.6×10~(-6),潜平衡产率为0.9745,总平衡产率为0.669(摩尔分率),由此说明了作者的新观点。     

关于重选产品产率的计算

本文对目前我国常用的选煤产品产率的计算方法——格氏法做了简要的评述;对格氏法、消元法、搜索法、各密度级灰分量法的计算结果进行了比较,指出格氏法存在的问题;并提出了考虑灰分因素进行产率计算的方法。同时,建议制定产率计算方法的统一国家标准     

煤与生物质流化床水蒸气共气化

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,以煤作为热载体与发热体,水蒸气作为气化剂,在流化床试验装置上进行生物质(稻壳和木屑)气化的试验研究,考察反应温度(t)、水蒸气与生物质的质量比对燃气组分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验结果表明,随着反应温度的升高,H2浓度、氢产率和潜在氢产率都不断增加,而H2与CO体积比逐渐减小;随着水蒸气与生物质的质量比的增大,H2浓度、H2与CO体积比、氢产率和潜在氢产率均不断增加,而CO与CO2体积比呈减小趋势。生产氢的最佳条件:t=1 025℃、水蒸气与生物质质量比为2。在最佳条件下,进一步研究了生物质种类对氢产率的影响。木屑气化制氢优于稻壳气化制氢,木屑气化所获得的氢产率(61.7g H2/kg)约为稻壳气化所获得氢产率(53.4 g H2/kg)的1.2倍。     

液质联用分析四酚基乙烷产率的研究

以离子交换树脂为催化剂,苯酚与乙二醛为原料,合成了四酚基乙烷。采用高效液相色谱仪与质谱仪联用分析四酚基乙烷含量,建立了分析和计算四酚基乙烷产率的方法,研究了合成反应条件（酚醛比、反应时间）对四酚基乙烷产率的影响。结果表明,增加苯酚的用量,四酚基乙烷产率先提高后下降,当苯酚与乙二醛物质的量比为15∶1时产率达到31.14%（反应时间8h）;增加反应时间到32h,四酚基乙烷产率提高到78.80%,24h后产率提高变缓。     

3,5-二叔丁基水杨醛肟的制备方法

为了研究3,5-二叔丁基水杨醛肟的制备方法,并提高其产率,试验了不同反应条件下制备3,5-二叔丁基水杨醛肟的产率。最终通过正交实验确定了制备3,5-二叔丁基水杨醛肟的最佳条件。最佳反应条件为:室温反应10 h,调p H值为4,产率可达94. 8%.本制备方法与已报道的类似合成方法比较,在保证产率的前提下,提高了原料使用和制备过程的安全性。     

常温合成甲基橙方法的研究

对基础有机化学实验中的甲基橙的合成两种合成方法进行了比较。利用常温进行反应,充分利用了对氨基苯磺酸本身的酸性来完成重氮化,减少原料的消耗,降低了生产成本;与低温方法比较提高了产率,低温方法制备甲基橙的产率为69．5％。利用常温方法制备甲基橙的产率为78．7％。     

原煤浮沉资料的MATLAB建模及应用

由原煤可选性曲线获取重选理论分选指标时,存在绘图复杂、查图误差大、不能直接获取中煤产率、不易实现计算机处理等问题。针对这些问题,运用MATLAB软件对0.5~50mm粒级原煤浮沉试验资料建立起浮物累计产率与浮物累计灰分以及密度与浮物累计灰分的数学模型,通过模型可方便计算出重力选煤的分选密度、精煤产率、分选密度±0.1含量、分界灰分、中煤产率以及矸石产率等理论指标。与可选性曲线上取得的数据对比表明,两种方法获得的结果较为接近。模型法较可选性曲线用途广,使用方便。     

环己烯制备实验的改进

用分馏法通过环己醇脱水制备环己烯,研究了反应温度、碳酸钠的量及干燥时间对环己烯产率的影响,通过正交实验法得到的最佳实验条件为:反应温度75℃,加入碳酸钠的量2 m L,干燥时间1 h,此时环己烯产率可达58.9%。该方法具有操作简便、产率高的特点。     

利用植物废料制备糠醛的研究

报道一种常压下以甘蔗渣为原料在酸性条件下水解制备糠醛的新方法，讨论了反应条件对产率的影响，该方法具有成本低、产率高的优点．     

茶叶中提取咖啡因的实验改进

用萃取法从茶叶中提取咖啡因,探讨氧化钙量、焙烧温度及升华温度对咖啡因产率的影响,通过正交实验法得到的最佳提取条件为:氧化钙量4 g,焙炒电压100 V,升华电压为150 V,最佳条件下,咖啡因产率可达1.83%.该方法具有操作简便、时间短、产率高的特点.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-