航空钛合金的激光冲击研究

介绍了用激光冲击处理航空材料钛合金TC4提高其力学性能的技术.当利用强激光冲击钛合金表面时,涂层表面形成高幅值冲击波.在冲击波的高压作用下,钛合金表面发生微塑性变形,形成高幅值残余压应力层.激光冲击后,表面压应力层厚度达1 mm以上,压应力达200 MPa以上.随着激光能量的增加,冲击区域的残余应力有增大的趋势,在功率密度由1 GW/cm2增加到5 GW/cm2过程中,其冲击波峰值处的压力线性增加,表面最大残余压应力也相应线性增加;在功率密度为2 GW/cm2时,残余压应力随着次数增加而升高,而且表面硬度也大大提高,从而有效地改善了材料的机械性能,大幅度提高航空材料的疲劳寿命和抗应力腐蚀性能.     

激光冲击处理对小孔构件残余应力场的影响

采用高功率 Nd：glass 激光器对 LY12CZ 铝合金小孔构件表面进行激光冲击强化处理,并对冲击区域进行残余应力场的测试与分析。结果显示,在激光功率密度为1．75 GW/cm2和光斑直径为6 mm 的强激光冲击作用下,冲击区域产生了残余压应力场,层深约1．2 mm,表面最大残余应力为-57 MPa,厚度方向上最大残余应力为-36 MPa。优化后的激光冲击处理工艺参数能够获得较好的残余应力场。     

7050铝合金激光冲击强化的试验和数值模拟

依据激光冲击强化7050铝合金的试验,建立激光冲击强化的有限元模型,实现激光冲击强化的数值模拟,残余应力场的数值模拟结果与试验结果取得较好的一致.在不考虑各冲击参数之间交互作用的前提下,模拟研究冲击参数对残余应力场的影响.模拟结果表明:在激光功率密度小于一定阀值条件下,表面残余压应力最大值随激光功率密度增加而增加,超过阀值之后,表面残余压应力最大值减小;表面残余应力最大值和残余压应力层深度随着脉宽的增加而增加;通过增加光斑半径对残余压应力场的改善主要体现在对深度方向残余应力场的改善;多次连续冲击强化对残余应力场的改善效果比较明显.     

激光冲击强化对TC4电子束焊缝机械性能的影响

利用高功率重复率Nd：YAG激光对TC4钛合金电子束焊缝进行了冲击强化处理，研究了激光冲击强化处理过程中改变激光功率密度对电子束焊缝残余应力分布和表面层硬度的影响．试验结果表明，当激光脉冲能量为45．9J时，激光光斑直径Ф9mm，残余应力基本不发生变化，而激光光斑直径小于Ф3mm，焊缝残余应力分布变化显著，并随着激光光斑直径的减小，残余压应力的数值增大更加明显．当激光冲击的功率密度大于18GW／cm^2时，激光冲击强化处理使电子束焊缝区的残余应力改变明显，改善了焊缝残余应力的分布；当激光冲击的功率密度大于12GW／cm^2时，激光冲击强化处理使电子束焊缝区的表面层硬度明显改变，改善了焊缝区域硬度的分布，有利于提高TC4钛合金焊缝区的机械性能．     

激光冲击Johnson-Cook模型材料参数优化

采用Abaqus有限元软件,建立激光冲击718镍铬合金诱发的残余应力场非线性弹塑性有限元模型,实现激光冲击强化残余应力场的数值仿真.通过仿真分析及试验结果对照,说明以Johnson-Cook模型作为本构关系是可行的,激光冲击能形成残余压应力层,提高疲劳寿命,但由于应变率的差异,必须对JC模型材料参数进行优化,才能取得较精确的结果,并从激光功率密度对残余应力场的分析进一步加以验证.结果表明,提出的JC模型材料参数优化方法简单易行.     

激光冲击718镍铬合金残余应力场试验及有限元分析

为提高718镍铬合金的疲劳强度,采用Nd:Glass强脉冲激光对其表面进行冲击强化处理.经X射线应力仪测试冲击区的残余应力场,利用Abaqus有限元软件,以Johnson-Cook(JC)模型作为本构关系,对其残余应力场进行分析计算.通过试验结果与仿真分析的对比,说明激光冲击能形成残余压应力层、提高疲劳寿命,选择JC模型作为本构关系是可行的,但由于应变率的差异,必须对JC模型材料参数数值进行优化,才能取得较精确的结果,并从激光冲击次数对残余应力场的分析进一步加以验证.结果表明,所提的JC模型材料参数优化方法简单易行.     

激光冲击强化对熔覆后TC4钛合金性能的提高

对TC4钛合金的熔覆试样进行激光冲击强化试验,比较了激光冲击强化前后试样的显微硬度、表面残余应力、显微组织和疲劳性能.TC4钛合金熔覆后,修复区表面残余拉应力为225 MPa,激光冲击强化消除了熔覆产生的拉应力,产生了449 MPa的残余压应力,在基体残留的压应力高达672 MPa;激光冲击强化后,修复区硬度由强化前的333 HV提高到381 HV.TEM显示:3次冲击后,在TC4材料表面形成了纳米晶层.对强化前后的激光熔覆试样进行高周疲劳试验,结果表明:激光冲击强化提高熔覆后钛合金疲劳强度达15.8%.经分析,冲击后细化晶粒和残余压应力对高周疲劳性能的提高起到了关键作用.     

激光冲击强化对熔覆后TC4钛合金性能的提高

对TC4钛合金的熔覆试样进行激光冲击强化试验,比较了激光冲击强化前后试样的显微硬度、表面残余应力、显微组织和疲劳性能.TC4钛合金熔覆后,修复区表面残余拉应力为225 MPa,激光冲击强化消除了熔覆产生的拉应力,产生了449 MPa的残余压应力,在基体残留的压应力高达672 MPa;激光冲击强化后,修复区硬度由强化前的333 HV提高到381 HV.TEM显示:3次冲击后,在TC4材料表面形成了纳米晶层.对强化前后的激光熔覆试样进行高周疲劳试验,结果表明:激光冲击强化提高熔覆后钛合金疲劳强度达15.8％.经分析,冲击后细化晶粒和残余压应力对高周疲劳性能的提高起到了关键作用.     

激光诱导残余应力的试验

对激光诱导残余应力的机理进行了分析研究.用波长1.06μm、脉宽23 ns、功率密度108~109W/cm2的脉冲激光冲击外形尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×5.5 mm的LY12CZ试样,研究了激光能量密度和冲击次数对残余应力分布的影响,并将激光诱导的残余应力与传统的机械喷丸形成的残余应力进行比较.结果表明:残余压应力随着激光能量密度的加大而加大,残余压应力层的深度随着冲击次数的增加而增加,激光诱导的残余压应力层的深度是传统机械喷丸形成的3~4倍.     

QT700球墨铸铁曲轴的激光冲击强化试验

选用不同涂层对QT700曲轴激光冲击处理,研究激光冲击强化条件下,QT700曲轴的硬度和表面残余应力等力学性能的变化.发现在激光冲击过程中,黑漆涂层、铝箔涂层和硅酸乙脂涂层均能有效提高冲击试样的表面硬度和表面应力.经过激光连续冲击后,在曲轴试件表面能形成1.0 mm厚的硬化层,其表面硬度最大能达到590 HV.激光脉冲功率从2.8 GW/cm2提高到3.6GW/cm2时,轴颈表面残余压应力相应由326 MPa提高到495 MPa,两次冲击后提高幅值更大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-