基于DP准则的功能梯度材料冻结壁受力分析

为了更好地分析深厚冲积层冻结壁的力学特性,基于Druker-Prager强度准则,将冻结壁视为力学性质呈抛物线变化的功能梯度材料(FGM)的厚壁圆筒,推导出FGM冻结壁弹性区和塑性区的应力解析表达式,以及作用于冻结壁上的外荷载p与塑性区相对半径ρ之间的关系式。计算结果表明:冻结壁的径向应力随相对半径r的增大而增加,冻结壁环向应力随相对半径r呈抛物线形变化,并且冻结壁塑性区的环向应力与外荷载大小无关,只与其所处位置有关。另外,由工程实例计算可得,冻结壁在530 m处承受的外荷载p为6.36 MPa,约等于冻结壁的弹性极限力6.33 MPa,小于其塑性极限承载力18.89 MPa,表明该冻结壁是安全的。     

考虑冻胀效应的冻结壁弹塑性分析

在冻结法施工中,地层冻结引起介质体积膨胀而产生的冻胀力使地应力场产生重分布,基于这一特点建立了井筒未开挖和开挖后的冻结壁与其周围土体相互作用的计算模型。首先,利用修正的冻结壁本构方程,计算出井筒未开挖时受冻胀影响的地层应力弹性解;然后,把冻结完成时的状态作为起始状态,基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则推导出开挖后的冻结壁弹塑性解。通过工程实例分析可以获得开挖后的冻结壁及其未冻围岩区的应力场和位移场,结果显示考虑冻胀后环向应力曲线明显不连续,以及在考虑冻胀影响之后,井筒开挖后的塑性半径和冻结管处所受的应力变小,而冻结壁外边界处的应力相对增大;参数分析表明开挖前后的冻结壁外所受应力随着冻胀线应变的增大而增大,而冻结管处的应力和塑形半径随着冻胀线应变的增大而减小,适当选取冻结管的安放位置可避免冻结管断裂问题。此外,冻结管的安放位置对塑性半径影响不大,中间主应力系数对冻结壁应力布和塑性半径均有重要影响且具有区间效应性。该计算模型较好的符合工程实际,能为冻结壁的设计提供一定的借鉴意义。     

基于三参数强度准则的高强混凝土井壁力学特性分析

为了分析高强混凝土井壁的力学特性,采用三参数强度准则推导出了高强混凝土立井井壁极限承载力理论解以及弹性区和塑性区应力与半径和荷载之间的解析表达式,并对计算结果进行了实验的验证。计算分析表明:在弹性区,高强混凝土井壁径向压应力σr随半径r的增大而增大,环向压应力σθ随半径r的增大而减少;在塑性区,径向压应力σr和环向压应力σθ均随半径r的增大而增大。当井壁内半径为4.0 m、厚度为1.0 m、混凝土强度等级为C60时,井壁极限承载力为22.87 MPa,井壁厚度每增加0.1 m,井壁极限承载力增加2.8 MPa左右。同时,混凝土井壁的环向压应力σθ达到164.38 MPa,是混凝土立方体单轴抗压强度的2.7倍左右,表明考虑了混凝土多轴强度影响的三参数强度准则更适用于高强混凝土井壁力学特性分析,为高强混凝土井壁结构的设计计算提供了的理论参考。     

深井冻结壁粘弹塑性力学分析

通过大量的冻结粘土单轴蠕变试验,获得了单轴应力状态下的蠕变曲线及其参数.根据材料在弹性条件下单轴和三轴条件下的应力强度和应变强度关系,建立了三向应力状态下冻土的蠕变本构方程;分析了粘弹塑性冻结壁应力状态及塑性区的扩展规律,推导了不同区域冻结壁应力场和位移场的计算公式,探讨了防止冻结管断裂的措施.     

卸载状态下冻结壁外载的确定

基于冻结壁处于卸载状态的事实,在卸载状态下冻结壁－周围土体共同作用的冻结壁力学模型下论证了冻结壁外载不是固定不变的原始水平地压,而是由冻结壁与周围土体共同作用的结果决定,与冻结壁弹塑性状态密切相关的变量。计算结果表明,冻结壁外载比原始水平应力要低得多,这对冻结壁的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

外壁恒温条件下单管冻结温度场发展规律

为了获得各影响因素对单管冻结温度场的综合影响规律,采用将相似理论与数值计算、物理试验相结合的研究方法,全面研究了冻结管外表面恒温情况下的单管冻结问题,分析了冻土半径与各影响因素间的关系。获得了冻土区温度分布规律、冻结壁厚度与平均温度的计算公式,所得公式具有较高计算精度,为工程技术人员较精确地估算实际冻结工程中外排冻结管布置圈外侧的冻结壁厚度和平均温度、冻结壁交圈时间提供了方便条件。     

冻结凿井中冻胀数值分析

为研究土体冻胀对冻结壁受力的影响,采用ANSYS有限元软件模拟深井冻结凿井施工中的土体冻胀情况,并结合现有冻结理论分析单圈冻结下冻胀位移场和应力场的变化规律。结果表明：冻结壁外侧土体冻胀位移均为正（向外）,内侧均为负（向内）,外侧明显大于内侧;冻结壁内侧冻胀应力远大于外侧,内外冻胀应力差使冻结壁不断向外变形;积极冻结初期冻结壁内部应力复杂,积极冻结后期,其内部应力状态趋于平缓。     

人工水平冻结地表融沉规律的数值分析

人工水平冻结法施工中解冻融缩与地表移动问题是其首要的环境岩土工程问题,预测和控制融沉量是冻结法能否成功实施的关键因素.通过系统数值试验研究各冻结设计参数对人工水平冻结地表融沉的影响规律.研究表明:地表最大融沉位移随冻结壁厚度、隧道半径、融沉系数的增大而增大,随隧道埋深的增大而减小,各参数对人工冻结引起地表融沉的影响效果由大到小排序依次是土体融沉系数、冻结壁厚度、隧道半径、隧道埋深.根据数值模拟结果,建议在实际工程中,采用强制解冻,跟踪注浆;减少冻结时间即减少冻结壁厚度;以降低土体中的初始含水量即减小融沉系数等措施来减小融沉及其对周围环境的影响.     

冻结壁原始冻胀力的分析与计算方法

进行冻结壁厚度设计时，通常采用永久地太值作为外荷载，往往导致设计的冻结壁厚度不足，本文通过粘土冻胀的成因分析，得出需用原始冻胀力这一被动地压值作为设计冻结壁厚度外荷载的结论，并用理论推导的方法得出原始冻胀力的求算公式。     

采用俞茂宏统一强度理论求解套管的极限外压强

充分考虑拉压强度比和中间主应力系数,根据俞茂宏统一强度理论推导出在外压强下闭端、开端和平面应变套管弹塑性极限外压强的统一算法。数值仿真显示:随拉压强度比的减小和中间主应力系数的增大,弹性极限外压强增大;开端套管的弹性极限外压强最大,平面应变套管的次之,闭端套管的最小;塑性区的半径随外压强的增大而增大;当外压强增大时,套管由弹性状态进入弹塑性状态,塑性区的半径逐渐从内半径扩展到外半径;塑性极限外压强随拉压强度比的减小而增大;随外内半径比的增大,在同样的统一强度理论参数下,闭端、开端和平面应变的塑性极限外压强之间的差异增大,且塑性极限外压强大于弹性极限外压强;塑性极限外压强的计算值与试验测试值之间的相对误差为-4%~-9%,而国际标准化组织样板数据与试验测试值之间的相对误差为-12%~-25%,美国石油协会推荐数据与试验测试值之间的相对误差为-17%~-30%,表明文中的套管塑性极限外压强公式更接近试验值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to