变工况条件下HCCI/SI燃烧模式转换的实现

为了满足车用发动机的要求,在HCCI燃烧的运行范围之外,仍需要使用火花点火（SI）燃烧模式.目前HCCI/SI模式转换的方法和策略都是在相同工况下完成的,这增加了控制上的难度并会带来负荷波动.针对此问题,采用全可变气门机构结合外部废气再循环的方法,在变工况条件下,完成HCCI和SI燃烧模式的转化.并将HCCI燃烧模式中废气率调整负荷的方法延伸进SI燃烧控制中.由于在控制策略层面,采用模式过渡的方法,消除了HCCI/SI模式转换的概念,因而简化了控制策略.     

基于优化动力技术的多缸汽油机均质混合气压燃/火花点火模式循环变动

摘要： 采用优化动力技术实现了四缸汽油机的均质混合气压燃（HCCI）稳定燃烧;统计分析了火花点火（SI）与HCCI模式的切换点,2种模式下在相同负荷时缸内、缸间的循环变动特点,以及HCCI燃烧向高负荷范围拓展的限制条件和解决方法.结果表明：在1 400 r/min的较低转速下,适当增加切换点负荷,可使切换后的HCCI燃烧更为平稳;当负荷相同时,HCCI模式下燃烧参数的循环变动系数显著低于SI模式,且其平均指示压力在缸内的循环变动系数小于2.5%,缸间的循环变动系数小于3.0%;各缸之间的燃烧参数存在规律性的差异,可采用重新布置进气管路和冷却水循环管路来解决;拓展HCCI负荷范围,必须采取降低进气温度和采用废气再循环的措施,以抑制着火时刻过早和放热率过大的情况发生.
关键词： 汽油机; 均质混合气压燃; 循环变动; 模式切换; 平均指示压力
中图分类号： TK 401文献标志码： A     

HCCI／SI复合模式汽油机闭环控制策略的整车驾驶循环评估

HCCI燃烧应用于实际车辆,面临燃烧闭环控制、动态过程控制及HCCI／SI模式过渡控制等难点问题．本文针对这些问题展开研究,基于GT—power软件建立了四缸HCCI／SI复合模式汽油机模型及轿车动力学模型,采用Simulink软件建立了HCCI／SI复合模式汽油机分层闭环控制器．通过典型驾驶过程以及NEDC循环的仿真,对HCCI／SI发动机闭环控制器的动态控制能力和模式切换控制能力进行了研究,详细考察了HCCUSI复合模式汽油机轿车的燃油经济性的改善效果．仿真结果表明,HCCI／SI复合模式汽油机及其控制器可以实现驾驶过程中HCCI与SI模式的比较平滑的过渡,满足车辆行驶的动力需求,并显示出良好的经济性,在整个NEDC循环中比原机节油12．2％．     

火花辅助对多缸汽油机HCCI燃烧及排放的影响

采用优化动力技术手段,利用发动机冷却水和排气余热加热进气,在多缸汽油机上实现了均质混合气压缩(HCCI)燃烧,研究了火花辅助点火对HCCI燃烧及其排放特性的影响.结果表明：当进气温度未达到HCCI稳定燃烧条件时,火花辅助有助于HCCI燃烧,并可增大平均指示压力、最大气缸爆发压力以及最大压力升高率,降低循环波动率,提高燃烧稳定性;火花辅助使得HCCI燃烧出现了2个放热阶段,当点火提前角增加时,主燃烧阶段的放热率峰值增大,燃烧起始点提前;在发动机转速为1 200~1 600 r/min的小负荷范围内,火花辅助可以适当降低NOx和HC的排放量.     

内燃机HCCI技术的发展

机产业化的难题所在;阐述了目前国际上HCCI产业化研究主要集中在汽油机和柴油机HCCI燃烧控制方面,包括燃烧诊断、燃烧模式切换和瞬态工况过渡;缸内直喷多段喷射是HCCI燃烧在车用发动机上应用更有前途和更具可行性的方式。     

多脉冲点火对火花助燃均质充量压缩着火燃烧的影响

开发了一套基于电容放电的多脉冲点火系统，可实时调整点火间隔和点火次数；并在一台内部废气再循环（EGR）的汽油机上研究了多脉冲点火参数对火花助燃均质充量压缩着火（HCCI）燃烧过程的影响。研究结果表明：采用火花助燃方式，可以在可控自燃（CAI）不能稳定工作的边界工况区域实现稳定的稀薄燃烧；增加脉冲个数，可以缩短燃烧持续期，并提高平均指示压力，增幅达8％左右；增加脉冲间隔，也可以提高平均指示压力。     

LPG浓度对DME/LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧的影响

通过分析二甲醚（DME）与液化石油气（LPG）的化学反应机理，构建了反映DME／LPG混合燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧的化学反应机理．采用该机理应用单区燃烧模型对DME／LPG混合燃料HCCI燃烧的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值计算，模拟研究了混合燃料中LPG浓度对HCCI燃烧的影响．计算结果与试验结果对比表明，所构建的DME／LPG混合燃料氧化的化学反应机理能够准确预测DME／LPG混合燃料的两阶段放热特性，对低温和高温着火始点的预测很好．模拟结果显示，改变DME／LPG混合燃料中LPG的浓度可以控制HCCI着火和燃烧；在DME中添加LPG可以拓宽发动机的负荷运行范围．     

二次喷射对火花辅助压燃燃烧及爆震特性影响的试验研究

火花辅助压燃(SACI)是一种由火焰传播诱导未燃混合气自燃的新型燃烧方式.但SACI爆震现象限制了热效率的进一步提升.针对这一问题,基于一台高压缩比缸内直喷汽油机,首先对SACI燃烧及爆震界定进行了分析;然后开展了二次喷射策略对SACI燃烧及爆震特性影响的试验研究.结果表明:火花点火是SACI燃烧的一个重要环节,点火过于提前会导致SACI爆震的产生.SACI爆震的压力振荡幅值(MAPO)要高于SI爆震且分布更加离散.二次喷射在燃烧室内可以形成不同的燃油浓度分层,对SACI有良好的爆震抑制效果.当采用喷射比例4∶1、一次喷射时刻300°,CABTDC、二次喷射时刻140°,CABTDC时,通过对爆震的抑制获得最优燃烧特性,循环变动系数降低了1.18%,,有效燃油消耗率降低了约3.11%,有效热效率提高了1.05%.     

离子电流检测系统的抗干扰设计

发动机复杂的工作环境必然对利用离子电流检测技术实现发动机的燃烧状况进行实时监测造成干扰.为此对整个离子电流检测系统进行了抗干扰优化设计.在一台SI-HCCI(spark ignition-homogeneous charge compression ignition)发动机上进行试验研究,试验结果表明,高压隔离模块很好地保护了采集系统;电容点火隔离方法可以减少信号中的背景干扰;电容检测法无法准确反映发动机的爆震现象;采用软件消除零点漂移的方法取得了很好的效果;采用了优化后的离子电流检测系统,HCCI离子电流的信噪比显著提高.     

火花点火式天然气发动机的准维燃烧模型

近十年来，由于能源和环保的要求，火花点火天然气发动机以高效、低污染燃烧的优点正在迅速发展。为了分析和研究这种发动机的燃烧过程，预测多种参数变化对性能的影响，建立了火花点火式天然气发动机的准维燃烧模型。根据倒拖发动机的实验结果，对缸内紊流的衰减和产生进行了模化，提出了缸内紊流强度计算的方法。试验表明，模型的计算值和试验值具有很好的一致性。该模型计算精度高、工程应用方便，为缸内燃烧过程分析、性能预测提供了一种有效的工具。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to