离子液体体系中ZSM-5分子筛催化环己烷氧化反应研究

以离子液体[emim]BF4为反应介质,叔丁基过氧化氢（TBHP）为氧化剂,考察了不同硅铝比（质量比,下同）ZSM-5分子筛对环己烷氧化反应的影响。结果表明：在离子液体[emim]BF4溶剂中,环己烷转化率随催化剂硅铝比的增大而减小,硅铝比为25的催化剂催化活性最高,环己烷转化率及产物总收率高达15.8%和15.3%。与传统溶剂丙酮和无溶剂相比,离子液体中HZSM-5分子筛具有较高的环己烷氧化反应活性。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐/阴离子表面活性剂/水组成的新型双水相体系的相行为

阴离子表面活性剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)和离子液体(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐,离子液体[Bmim]BF4中)和水的混合物在一定组成范围内能自发形成两个独立的水相(水溶液两相体系,ATPS):一个是表面活性剂富相,另一种是离子液体富相.在20.0℃测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠/[离子液体]BF4/水三元体系的相图.采用浊度滴定法确定了不同特定区域的边界线.结果表明:双水相区域接近水-离子液体[Bmim]BF4的一侧,比较狭窄.探讨了双水相的形成条件,组分以及它们的物化性能.同时测定了温度、表面活性剂和离子液体的含量对ATPS的相分离时间和相体积比的影响.用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和稳态荧光猝灭测量(SFQM)技术得到的结果表明,发生两相分离可能是由于体系中有较大的胶束聚集体存在引起的.     

甲醇-苯-离子液体等压汽液平衡数据的测定

在101.32 kPa下,用改进的Othmer釜测定了甲醇-苯与三种离子液体的三元物系的等压汽液平衡数据,即甲醇-苯-1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM]BF4),甲醇-苯-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4),甲醇-苯-1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([OMIM]BF4)。实验结果表明,加入离子液体可以使汽液平衡线偏离甲醇-苯二组分物系的汽液平衡线,离子液体摩尔分数越大,偏离程度越大。[OMIM]BF4表现出明显的盐析效应,使甲醇对苯的相对挥发度发生改变,消除了甲醇—苯物系的共沸点。离子液体对甲醇的盐析效应顺序为：[OMIM]BF4 >[BMIM]BF4 >[EMIM]BF4。因此[OMIM]BF4 可以作为甲醇-苯物系萃取精馏的溶剂。     

咪唑基离子液体与小分子相互作用的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论考察了1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟合硼酸盐（[EMIM][BF4]）和2-甲基噻吩（2-MT）、正己烷（HEX）、异丁基硫醇（IBT）的相互作用。采用GGA/PW91和DNP基组优化了结构,并用NBO和AIM分析了[EMIM][BF4]和2-甲基噻吩（2-MT）、正己烷（HEX）、异丁基硫醇（IBT）的氢键相互作用。[EMIM][BF4]离子对最稳定的气相结构表明,[BF4]-阴离子的F原子和咪唑环上C2-H2的氢键作用在形成离子对中起重要作用。[BF4]-阴离子和[EMIM]＋阳离子支链发生氢键作用。[BF4]-阴离子趋向于C2-H2形成氢键,这说明,2-甲基噻吩（2-MT）、正己烷（HEX）、异丁基硫醇（IBT）吸附在[EMIM][BF4]上没有改变离子液体离子对的主要作用。[EMIM][BF4]和2-甲基噻吩发生π···C-H和氢键作用,而[EMIM][BF4]和正己烷（HEX）、异丁基硫醇（IBT）主要发生氢键作用。相互作用能表明,2-甲基噻吩优先吸附在离子液体上。     

基于功能化离子液体的苯丙氨酸双水相萃取性能研究

系统研究1-(N,N-二乙基氨甲酰基甲基)-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([MDCBmim]Cl),1-(N,N-二乙基氨甲酰基甲基)-3-甲基咪唑氟硼酸盐([MDCBmim]BF4)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氟硼酸盐([Bmim]BF4)3种离子液体的双水相体系对苯丙氨酸的萃取性能.考察了影响萃取过程的主要因素如pH、离子液体和磷酸盐的用量、体系温度.研究结果表明,功能化离子液体双水相体系对苯丙氨酸的萃取性能远好于常规离子液体.当pH=13时,在[MDCBmim]Cl/K2HPO4双水相体系中,苯丙氨酸的分配系数最高可达130,对其分配系数顺序为:[MDCBmim]Cl>[MDCBmim]BF4>[Bmim]BF4.     

离子液体中6-O-(11-十二烯酸)葡萄糖酯的脂肪酶催化合成及其表征

为了探索脂肪酶在离子液体中选择性地催化葡萄糖与11-十二烯酸乙酯的转酯化反应,通过不同脂肪酶在不同离子液体中进行转酯化反应,并用单因素法研究离子液体种类、温度、底物的比例、体系含水量和脂肪酶含量对反应产率的影响,优化反应条件。反应产物的结构通过红外光谱、高效液相色谱、质谱和核磁共振等表征。结果表明:脂肪酶Novozym-435在离子液体1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑氟硼酸盐[BMIM][BF4]中,当反应温度为55℃、酶浓度20mg/mL、葡萄糖/11-十二烯酸乙酯的摩尔比1∶2、体系的水含量为2%时,获得糖酯的产率最高,Novozym-435可以重复使用7次。脂肪酶Novozym-435在离子液体[BMIM][BF4]中选择性转酯化反应的产物为6-O-(11-十二烯酸)葡萄糖单酯。     

离子液体中4-芳基-7,7-二甲基-5-氧代-3,4,5,6,7,8-六氢香豆素的绿色合成

以离子液体[bmim]BF4为介质,通过芳香醛(1)、麦氏酸(2)和5,5-二甲基-1,3-环己二酮(3)的3组分反应,采用一锅法制得了一系列4-芳基-7,7-二甲基-5-氧代-3,4,5,6,7,8-六氢香豆素(4).该方法反应条件温和,操作简便,产物易分离,产率高,环境友好,且反应介质离子液体可方便地回收并重复使用.     

异丁醇-水-1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐物系等压汽液平衡数据的测定

在101.32 kPa下,用改进的Othmer釜测定了含离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐([BMIM]BF4)的异丁醇-水物系的等压汽液平衡数据。实验结果表明,当[BMIM]BF4的摩尔分数为10%时异丁醇-水二组分物系的汽液平衡线就开始偏离,[BMIM]BF4摩尔分数为20%,30%时,偏离程度越大;[BMIM]BF4表现出盐效应,使异丁醇对水的相对挥发度发生改变,消除了异丁醇-水物系的共沸点;[BMIM]BF4含量越大,盐效应越明显,随着[BMIM]BF4含量的增加,异丁醇对水的相对挥发度也随着增加。[BMIM]BF4可以做为异丁醇-水物系萃取精馏分离的有机盐,适宜的[BMIM]BF4摩尔分数为20%。     

离子液体[Hmim]BF4催化合成β-烯胺酮类化合物

合成了一系列具有不同阴离子的[Hmim]+ 咪唑型离子液体,并考察了催化剂在β-烯胺酮合成中的催化性能.结果表明,[Hmim]+ 咪唑型离子液体对β-烯胺酮合成具有高的催化活性,其中[Hmim]BF4活性最高,反应时间为10 min,产率可达96%;将该催化剂用于催化不同底物的β-烯胺酮化合物的合成,多数反应显示了优良的催化性能.离子液体[Hmim]BF4重复使用5次,催化活性基本不变,反应10 min后,β-烯胺酮产率仍有89%.     

异丙醇-水-1-辛基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐物系等压汽液平衡数据的测定

在101.32 kPa下,用改进的Othmer釜测定了含离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐([OMIM]BF4)的异丙醇-水物系的等压汽液平衡数据。实验结果表明,加入[OMIM]BF4摩尔分数为10%时异丙醇-水二组分物系的汽液平衡线就开始偏离,[OMIM]BF4摩尔分数分别为20%和30%时,偏离程度越大;[OMIM]BF4表现出盐效应,使异丙醇对水的相对挥发度发生改变,消除了异丙醇-水物系的共沸点;[OMIM]BF4摩尔分数越大,盐效应越明显,随着[OMIM]BF4摩尔分数的增加,异丙醇对水的相对挥发度增加。[OMIM]BF4可以作为异丙醇-水物系萃取精馏的溶剂,适宜的[OMIM]BF4摩尔分数为20%。用NRTL模型对数据进行了关联,关联的结果和实验计算值差不多,符合实验趋势。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the