RMT-Based Urban Traffic Cross-Correlation Analysis and Its Application on Traffic Incident Impact Analyses

Cross-correlating traffic flow data at different intersections in an urban transportation network is important for understanding the collective behavior of constituents in a complex system and for predicting the risk of network-wide congestion. In this work, a Random Matrix Theory (RMT) based method is used to describe the collective behavior from massive traffic data sets. Nonrandom correlations between traffic flow series recorded in the Beijing road network occur both with and without detrending. The effect of the traffic load on the correlation patterns of network-wide traffic flows is analyzed using the RMT analysis of a simulated data set collected from Paramics. The RMT analysis is also used to evaluate the impact of incidents on the network-wide traffic status. Cluster analysis is used to find the largest cluster in the network which indicates the critical congestion caused by the incident. All the results show that RMT analyses are an effective method for investigating systematic interactions in urban transportation systems.     

Alternative tradable credit scheme on general transportation network

This paper designs and analyzes an alternative tradable travel credit scheme on general transportation network for managing travelers’route choice behaviors.The scheme is a kind of charging and rewarding mechanism,which provides an attempt to urge travelers to plan their travel routes reasonably so that excessive traffic congestion can be mitigated.Mobility credits are imposed on those travelers who use high congested routes,while rewarded credits are given to those travelers who switch to the low congested routes.A free tradable market is created such that the travelers paying credits can purchase them from those earning them from the rewarding travel route choices.When the total amount of credits earned is equal to the amount of credits consumed,transfer of wealth can only take place among the travelers and hence overcome the inequity problem of congestion pricing.On the general transportation network,the type of tradable credit schemes can be formulated as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraint(MPEC)model.Based on the model,a credit charging mechanism is obtained under the system optimum and Pareto-improving system optimum conditions.     

Urban Transport and Sustainable Transport Strategies： A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

The uncontrolled growth in urbanization and motorization generally contributes to an urban land use and transportation system that is socially, economically, and environmentally unsustainable. This paper uses Karachi as a case study, which is the largest urban and economic centre of Pakistan, passing through an uncontrolled phase of rapid urbanization and motorization. The paper first reviews research related to sustainable transportation systems to comprehend the concept of sustainable development and transporta-tion. The paper then evaluates the existing transportation and infrastructure system, national transportation policies, and urban transportation projects to determine if the current paradigm is moving toward or away from sustainable transportation. Furthermore, the principles for sustainable urban transportation are devel-oped to see what significance national transportation policies have given to urban transportation from a sus-tainable transportation point of view. Finally some strategies are suggested, adoption of which may lead to a sustainable urban development and transportation system in Karachi.     

Road Resources Distribution and Evolution Analysis Using a Species Competition Model for Improving Road Equity

The paper analyzes the equity of road resources distribution in urban areas by modeling the competitive relationship among different road users. A logistic model is used to describe the development of different traffic modes in the transportation network. The system is similar to the species competition model, so a two-species model is used to analyze the relationship between users based on the stability of the equilibrium points. The Lotka-Volterra model is then used to describe the multi-species cases with numerical examples, showing that this model can describe the effects of the road space distribution on the competitive user relationships. Policy makers must ensure the equity of road resources distribution so that each urban transportation mode is properly developed for sustainable social development.     

Dynamic evaluation of traffic flows on city roads

This paper presents an analysis of the random fluctuations, deferred conduction effect and periodicity of road traffic based on the basic features of road networks. It also discusses the limitations of road network evaluation theories based on road "V/C". In addition, it proposes a set of theoretical and technical methods for the real-time evaluation of traffic flows for entire road networks, and for solving key technical issues, such as real-time data collection and processing in areas with no blind zones, the spatial-temporal dynamic analysis of road network traffic, and the calibration of key performance index thresholds. It also provides new technical tools for the strategic transportation planning and real-time diagnosis of road traffic. The new tools and methodology presented in this paper are validated using a case study in Beijing.     

Optimization of Time-Varying Parking Charges and Parking Supply in Networks with Multiple User Classes and Multiple Parking Facilities

The optimization of parking charges and parking supply over the time of a day is an important problem in the design of transportation networks. This paper presents a bilevel model to determine the opti-mal time-varying parking charges and parking supply in road networks with multiple user classes and different types of parking facilities. The upper level of the model aims to maximize the network net benefit in response to the parking charges and parking supply, whereas the lower level is a time-dependent network equilibrium problem with elastic demand. A descent-gradient-based solution algorithm is adapted to solve the model. The numerical results show that the implementation of time-varying parking charges and parking supply is useful to effectively cater to the time-varying demand with different parking needs. The model provides a powerful tool for strategically designing parking locations and evaluating various parking policies.     

Non-cooperative game for network access selection in heterogeneous integrated networks

The integration of different heterogeneous access networks is one of the remarkable characteristics of the next generation network,in which users with multi-network interface terminals can independently select access network to obtain the most desired service.A kind of unified quantification model of non-monotone quality of service （QoS） and a model of non-cooperative game between users and networks are proposed for heterogeneous network access selection.An optimal network pricing mechanism could be formulated by using a novel strategy which is used in this non-cooperative game model to balance the interests of both the users and the networks.This access network selection mechanism could select the most suitable network for users,and it also could provide the basis when formulating QoS standards in heterogeneous integrated networks.The simulation results show that this network selection decision-making algorithm can meet the users＇ demand for different levels service in different scenes and it can also avoid network congestion caused by unbalanced load.     

Modeling and Performance Analysis of Dispatching Policies in Dispatcher-Based Web Server Cluster

There are two kinds of dispatching policies in content-aware web server cluster; segregation dispatching policy and mixture dispatching policy. Traditional scheduling algorithms all adopt mixture dispatching policy. They do not consider that dynamic requests＇ serving has the tendency to slow down static requests＇ serving, and that different requests have different resource demands, so they can not use duster＇s resource reasonably and effectively. This paper uses stochastic reward net （SRN） to model and analyze the two dispatching policies, and uses stochastic Petri net package （SPNP） to simulate the models. The simulation results and practical tests both show that segregation dispatching policy is better than mixture dispatching policy. The principle of segregation dispatching policy can guide us to design efficient scheduling algorithm.     

A BP neural network based information fusion method for urban traffic speed estimation

Obtaining comprehensive and accurate information is very important in intelligent traffic system (ITS). In ITS, the GPS floating car system is an very important approach for traffic data acquisition. However, in this system, the GPS blind areas caused by tall buildings and tunnels could affect the acquisition of traffic information and depress the system performance. Aiming at this problem, we developed a novel method employing a back propagation (BP) neural network to estimate the traffic speed in the GPS blind areas. When the speed of one road section is lost, we can use the speed of its related road sections to estimate its speed. The complete historical data of these road sections are used to train the neural network, using Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm. Then, the current speed of the related roads is used by the trained neural network to get the speed of the road section without GPS signal. We compare the speed of the road section estimated by our method with the real speed of this road section, and the experimental results show that the speed of this road section estimated by our method is better.     

Control and Communication Network in Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles

This paper describes the control and communication network in fuel cell vehicles, including both the protocol and the hardware. Based on the current protocol (ISO-11898 and SAE J1939), a new practical protocol is proposed and implemented for the control and communication network in fuel ceil vehicles. To improve the reliability of data communication and to unify the network management, a new network system based on dual-port RAM is also implemented.     

基于行为经济学前景理论的出行决策

考虑出行环境不确定性和出行者有限理性的特点,应用行为经济学中的前景理论分析出行决策行为,引入拥堵收费和票价折扣作为变量,建立改进的出行决策模型。将出行方式划分为公共交通和私人交通两类,引入政府参与管理因素,探讨不同交通需求管理政策干预下出行者的决策行为,通过算例分析了不同政策标准对出行决策行为的影响程度。结果表明：同时引进拥堵收费和票价折扣政策,拥堵收费超过22元时,出行者的决策结果发生改变。合理设置拥堵收费和票价折扣标准可以促进更多出行者选择公共交通出行。     

高等级公路的经济属性及其定价方法探讨

文章讨论了我国收费公路存在的收费标准制定问题,介绍了目前常用的几种定价方式,并对将两部定价法用于公路收费标准的可行性进行了初步的探讨,为我国收费公路定价提供了一些建议。     

世界主要城市交通拥挤收费概述

道路拥挤收费是解决城市交通拥挤问题的有效手段。自20世纪70年代首次在新加坡实施后,目前已在世界上10余个大城市成功运营。与此同时,道路拥挤收费的理论、目标、技术和财务等方面也处在不断的深化和调整的过程当中。鉴于目前中国大城市交通状况的日益严峻,有必要对世界范围内的道路拥挤收费做出全面概述,从中提取适合不同城市实施道路拥挤收费的共同特征和经验教训,为中国实施道路拥挤收费提供理论支持和现实的参考。     

道路拥挤收费定价分析

利用路段交通流量、交通密度及交通空间平均速度的关系,通过选择合理的参量——路段交通载量,解决了由于拥挤路段流量与费用的非单调关系产生的拥挤收费为负的问题,给出了基于交通载量及交通密度比的拥挤收费定价公式,通过建立路段社会总收益函数,分析交通路网供需特性,给出了拥挤收费起点的一个解释。     

策略性等待下Y型瓶颈的单步拥堵收费模型

本文针对包含至少一个上游瓶颈路段和一个共用的下游瓶颈路段的Y型交通路网,研究了策略性等待单步收费条件下早高峰期间通勤者的出行行为和最优道路拥挤收费方案。基于出行者的出发时间选择遵循用户均衡准则的假设,推导出了不同汇合规则下用户均衡的流入率和个人出行成本。依据出行者的出发时间选择规律,进一步推导出了最优的道路拥挤收费时段和费率。研究发现,策略性等待单步收费可以有效降低交通网络的系统总阻抗,但可能会增加出行者的个人出行成本。此外,还发现收费的有效性不但与汇合规则有关,还取决于上下游瓶颈路段通行能力的相对大小。该研究验证了Y型交通路网上存在Braess诡异现象,即扩大上游路段的瓶颈通行能力可能会引起系统总出行成本的增加。     

Applied Study of Price Discrimination Implemented on a Two-Path Route Expressway

Introduction In Japan, the Japan Highway Public Corporation (JH) is in charge of construction, operation, and manage- ment of both certain toll roads and the inter-city ex- pressway system throughout the country. The certain toll roads and inter-city expr…     

基于双层博弈的城市道路拥堵收费分析

运用博弈论分析拥堵收费策略,基于假设将其抽象为有N+1个参与者的双层博弈模型. 针对城市道路拥堵收费问题,建立双层博弈模型,分析博弈均衡条件,并以虚拟路网为例说明博弈模型的均衡及求解. 分析结果表明,博弈实质是拥堵收费最优定价与路网流量分配的合成问题,博弈均衡是寻求系统最优的拥堵收费决策及用户最优的交通配流方案.     

悖论与解决交通拥挤的经济学方法有效性

利用交通网络扩建后路网整体和出行者个体效益均没有改善的悖论,对交通问题的复杂性以及两种解决交通拥挤问题的经济学手段的有效性进行了深入分析.通过Braess悖论引入出行者的路径选择行为原则,并分析了交通总需求量变化对Braess悖论网络均衡态的影响;提出了一个多OD对的Lovell悖论,并介绍了其特征;利用Lovell悖论对交通拥挤收费和可交易的瓶颈许可证理论的应用效果作了深入分析.研究表明:交通需求总量的变化对网络的均衡态有直接影响;在多OD对情形,仍然存在网络扩建不能提升网络实际效益的悖论;较易实施的交通拥挤收费的预期实施效果很难达到,可交易的瓶颈许可证实施效果好,但是实施成本较高.     

辽宁省高速公路网收费系统几个问题的探讨

结合辽宁省高速公路网收费系统的方案设计，对管理模式、收费方式、通行载体３个方面的问题进行了探讨，各种方案比较的结果对高速公路网收费系统的建设具有指导作用．     

通行政策导向下节假日出行结构动态演化博弈

采用演化博弈理论的Logit动态机制建立出行方式选择的Logit动态模型,并进行了模型平衡点和演化稳定性分析以及参数分析,最后通过数值算例对比分析交通政策(包括公路收费、公路免费和公路扩建三种政策/措施)导向下的出行方式选择演化过程和演化稳定趋势.结果表明,出行方式选择的Logit动态演化系统存在唯一的演化稳定策略;交通政策/措施通过调整公路拥堵延误成本和调整出行方式固有成本差异来影响出行方式选择行为,并且后者比前者具有更显著的效果;高速公路免费通行政策既显著地达到了缓解铁路运力紧张的目的,同时兼顾了交通管理者和出行者的利益,但是可能造成高速公路交通拥堵;新政策的实施往往因为出行者的有限理性而表现出时滞效应.