Stage characteristics for the development of late Quaternary paleosols in the Yangtze Delta area

The late Quaternary paleosols in the Yangtze Delta area developed in the period of 25 000-12 000 aBP. Phytolith ratios (value A) of contents of fan, square and rectangle types indicating the warm and humid climate to those of bar, hat and point types indicating cold and dry climates decrease upwards overall on profiles of the paleosols, suggesting that the climates turned from warm and humid to cold and dry. So, the paleosols developed mainly during the regression before the last glacial maximum. Changes of value A indicate no trend of warming, suggesting that the transgression was rapid after the last glacial maximum. The development of the paleosols exhibited obvious stages, which were controlled remarkably by transgression and regression : Ⅰ . Period of alternation of deposition and pedogenesis, which was from the occurrence of regresson before the last glacial maximum to the time when sea levels fell close to the lowest; Ⅱ . Exposure period with continual pedogenesis, which was terminated when the paleosols were drown in the post-glacial transgression; Ⅲ . Period of being drown and buried, the paleosols were buried by marine sediments, and reworked by early diagenesis.     

洞庭盆地第四纪气候演变的沉积物地球化学记录

对洞庭盆地安乡凹陷东南部两护村ZKC1孔上新世末—第四纪沉积物的主量、微量和稀土元素以及粒度进行了分析,进而探讨洞庭盆地第四纪气候演变。曲线协变性及相关系数表明,ZKC1孔沉积物化学蚀变指数(CIA)与Cr、Ga、V、Nb、Be、Li、Sc、Th等微量元素含量呈明显的正相关。从陆相沉积物CIA及微量元素含量与温度和湿度正相关的概念出发,结合其他资料,重塑洞庭盆地第四纪气候演变过程:早更新世为冷干→暖湿→冷干→暖湿,中更新世为冷干→暖湿→冷干—温湿→暖湿,晚更新世为寒冷→温湿→寒冷,全新世总体为温湿—暖湿。这一结论与ZKC1孔孢粉组合特征反映的气候演变过程及中国东部第四纪气候演化基本吻合,说明沉积物CIA和微量元素含量较好地记录了第四纪气候演变信息。相关性分析表明洞庭盆地沉积物粒度对CIA无明显影响;CIA与沉积物粘土含量呈弱的正相关关系,应与湿热气候条件下有更强烈的风化和更多粘土矿物形成有关。     

秦岭北麓黄土沉积环境

秦岭北麓黄土最早形成于2.45Ma.区内各地质时代的黄土层中几乎都发现了大量哺乳动物化石和人类化石.黄土颜色深,颗粒细,粘化重;古土壤色鲜艳,层数多,底部钙质结核常联结成钙板;黄土中的原生碳酸钙几乎全部被淋溶,光性方位粘土较显著.这些说明本区黄土物质沉积后经受了比较强烈的淋滤作用和成土作用,反映出第四纪期间秦岭北麓黄土沉积环境要比黄土高原西北部温暖而湿润。     

Mineral magnetism of quaternary red earth in Eastern China and Its paleoenvironmental significance

Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on Quaternary Red Earth profiles from Zhejiang Province, Eastern China. Three distinctive magnetic stratigraphic horizons have been identified on the basis of magnetic susceptibility, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and magnetization parameters measurements. Magnetic measurements revealed that there were great variations in ferrimagnetic mineral concentration, mineralogy assemblages and grain size in Quaternary Red Earth profiles, suggesting that these variations reflect pedogenic processes fluctuation and environmental changes. The preliminary results indicate that mineral magnetic measurement of Quaternary Red Earth is useful for studying the Quaternary environmental changes recorded in paleosols.     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷浅层生物气成藏模式分析

柴达木盆地三湖地区第四系浅层生物气一直被认为完全是由第四系腐殖型有机质生成的.最新研究结果表明:(1)第四系生物气藏探明储量与源岩条件之间不匹配;(2)高分辨率地震剖面特征表明三湖坳陷气田区域第四系发育了大量的气烟囱;(3)生物气组分特征表明有热成因气混入的可能性;(4)乙烷等重烃气碳同位素特征表明三湖坳陷第四系气藏有腐泥型生物气混入;(5)三湖坳陷上第三系狮子沟组发育偏腐泥型有机质.笔者认为第四系浅层生物气藏的形成机理比较复杂,包括“下生上储”和“自生自储”两种模式,第四系的浅生物气由上第三系狮子沟组生物气与第四系生物气混合而成.     

A paleosol classification with the inclusion of ancient arctic and subarctic region soils

Paleosol identification is simplified by considering soil as a natural body with internal organization and a history of formation. This definition assumes that we accept paleosols as soils. In a paleosol classification, inclusion of the cold region paleosols at the suborder level places temperature (climate) in balance with the other soil forming factors. Because ancient temperatures were not recorded, we use soil and parent material properties as proxies to identify ancient soils from Arctic and Subarctic regions. The properties include permafrost and cryoturbation features as well as those resulting from glacial processes. These features generally persist through later cycles of soil formation as climate has changed. Examples both within and beyond the glacial borders in Wyoming, Illinois, and Indiana, USA are presented and classified using an arctic paleosol suborder modifier, the formative element.     

Crustal activities recorded in coral reefs in the northwestern South China Sea

Coral reefs in the northwest of South China Sea have recorded the information from not only the environmental variation but also the crustal activities there during their development. The main crustal activities correlated with the coral reef development include fault, seismic, and volcano activities, etc. The high-resolution spark seismic profiles in the northwestern South China Sea show that the fault activities in the coral reef region have been clearly recorded, and appear as neonatal faults incising reefs. Earthquakes in the coral reef region are rather intense, especially the two occurring on December, 31, 1994, and January, 10, 1995, around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, with the magnitude of 6.1 and 6.2, respectively. They have great influence on the growth of the local coral reefs. Quaternary volcanos are active in the northwestern South China Sea, especially around the southwest of Leizhou Peninsula, and they have obvious control of the coral reef development. Some submarine volcanoes form the substrates of coral reef, while a few emerge above the sea surface and form coral islands.     

Paleoclimatic significance of mineral magnetic properties of loess sediments in northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Loess deposit in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau offers an excellent record of climate and environment changes in this region.We have conducted multiparameter mineral magnetic analyses of smaples of loess deposits from the Dongchuan,Lalakou and Panzishan sections.The methods used include magnetic susceptibility,fre-quency-dependent suceptibility,temperature-dependent susceptibility,isothermal remanent magnetization acquisibility.Maghemite and hematite is also present in the loess layers and paleosol horizons.The higher concentration of maghemite in paleosols suggests that the formation of maghemite occurred during in situ pedogenesis,which plays an important role in the enhancement of the magnetic susceptibitily.Similar to that in the Chinese Loess Plateau lying to the east of the Liupan Mountains,magnetic granulometry in the studied loess and paleosols is predominantly pseudo-single-domain(PSD). However,the mean grain-size of the ferrimagnetic minerals in loess is evidently coarser (larger PSD and multiomain-like) than in paleosols (mainly PSD).The magnetic susceptibility of loess and paleosols is positively correlated with the content of ultrafine magnet-ite/maghemite grains,and hence with the intensity of in situ pedogenesis.Therefore,the enhanced magnetic susceptibility in the studied loess-paleosol sequences can be interpreted as being due to climatically induced in situ pedogenesis.     

黄土地层化学成分迁移深度与含量研究

研究了黄土地层化学成分的迁移深度与含量．根据黄土高原第四纪土壤的广泛调查,发现了 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３ 等化学成分的多种特殊淀积现象,结合化学成分含量分析,确立了研究古环境的迁移深度指标;并将黄土地层 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３ 分为碎屑 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３,淀积 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３,同期淋溶残余 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３,后期淋溶残余 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３ 和表聚 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３ ５ 种,提出了用 Ｃａ Ｃ Ｏ３ 含量恢复环境的新标准     

第四纪冰川对中国昆虫区系形成的影响

第四纪冰川对我国昆虫区系的形成有重大影响,冰川促使古北界种类向南扩散,分布于我国云南、海南和台湾等最南部地区形成了我国分布最南古北种。第四纪冰川对我国南部高山昆虫属、种及特有种的形成起到了重要的作用。我国古北界和东洋界在东部的分界线应该在淮河附近。我国一部分特有种可能是来源于欧洲和俄罗斯远东地区种类被冰川向南驱赶所遗留下来的。很多的古北-东洋广布种的形成是由于冰川的驱赶作用促使一些来源于古北界种类进一步延伸至东南亚和南亚。     

Palynomorphs in the first paleosol layer in the Yangtze Delta and their paleoenvironmental implication

The relatively abundant palynomorphs were recovered from the samples of the first paleosol layer of core CY in Shanghai for the first time. A total of 55 genera and families of spore, pollen and phytoplankton were identified. According to the characteristics of the palynological assemblages, the depositional conditions in the development period of the paleosols were discussed and the microfossil evidence to study the origin of the paleosols in the Yangtze Delta area was provided as well. The research results show that paleosols should be freshwater deposits. The palynological assemblage sequence in the first paleosol layer reveals fluctuations of freshwater palynomorphs, mainly Concentricystis, and terricolous herbs pollen, reflecting the alternations of deposition and exposure in the development period of the paleosols. Concentricystis developed prosperously in the period of flood, while terricolous herbs grew on the emerged land in the period of exposure. The variations in the palynological assemblages suggest that the depositional conditions were various during the formation of the paleosols, and resulted in obvious stage characteristics of the paleosol's development. The dinoflagellate cysts occur in low abundance in the palynological assemblages of the first paleosol layer of core CY, indicating that the area where core CY lies was influenced by seawater in the depositional period of the parent materials of the paleosols.     

南京地区第四系主要地层类型及分层探讨

南京地区地形地貌复杂，第四系分布变化大，在归纳南京地区第四纪沉积环境的基础上，总结了不同地貌和地质单元的地层层序特征。根据地层的成因和工程性质，结合国家规范中的地层分类原则，提出了统一分层的方法和统一的地层代号，将该地区第四系划分为填土、新近沉积土、一般沉积土和老沉积土等4个大层和若干亚层，同时提供了各层土的基本物理力学性质、典型剖面。对今后的勘察研究提出了建议。     

藏东南典型第四纪堆积阶地成因研究-以雪瓦卡平台为例

藏东南地区是研究海洋型冰川的天然宝库,帕隆藏布流域作为冰川活跃区,因其独特的地形地貌、气候条件,沿岸不仅堆积形态各异的第四纪冰碛垄、泥石流扇,而且发育断续分布的平台地形。利用无人机技术、高精度遥感影像、钻探、物探,结合实测剖面对藏东南典型第四纪堆积阶地成因进行详细的分析,为研究区域性堆积阶地成因提供依据,并得出以下结论：（1）雪瓦卡平台为第四纪堆积体,所在区域曾经发育了一个堰塞湖;（2）雪瓦卡平台第二级阶地下部为巨厚湖相砂层,上部为河床沉积卵砾石,这种下细上粗的物质接触关系可能为沉积区由堰塞湖转变为河道沉积,堰塞坝逐步疏通的过程;（3）上、下游支沟不仅为平台形成提供物质来源,而且为其形成提供地形地貌条件;（4）帕隆藏布沿岸断续分布的平台地形在形成过程中普遍受到上下游支沟冰川运动、泥石流发育的影响。     

Problems of the magnetic susceptibility signature as the proxy of the summer monsoon intensity in the Chinese Loess Plateau

The magnetic susceptibility in the Chinese loess is considered to have recorded the history of pedogenesis or land-surface stability, and has thus been used as an acute proxy of the summer monsoon intensity. With regard to pedogenesis, most authors failed to appreciate the complexity of weathering processes. Specifically, not acknowledged are local redox conditions, carbonate concentration and leaching. Pre-depositional pedogenesis may be another factor undermining the legitimacy of using the susceptibility as an acute proxy of the summer monsoon intensity. These factors may not necessarily reflect the degree of pedogenesis although they have definitely affected the susceptibility signature. Some contributors to the susceptibility are demonstrated to be inorganic iron and other organically complexed iron. The organic iron associated with decomposed plant litter is proven to be the most important contributor to the susceptibility in modern loess. But, magnetotactic bacteria are believed to be the major generators of the ultrafine ferromagnetic particles responsible for the susceptibility signature in the Quaternary loess and paleosols. The factors affecting susceptibility signature may well be site- and time-dependent even within the Chinese Loess Plateau. Therefore, a more comprehensive model and a more comprehensive approach are needed to address the relationship between the paleoclimate and the proxy.     

Quaternary herbivore fauna in northeastern China: Evolution under climatic change

Large herbivorous mammals from 10 representative Quaternary localities in northeastern China were studied. The evolution of these animals confirms Pei's law and Bergmann's rule. Of the three global cold periods in the Quaternary, the first and second are not well recorded in the region. The temperate period between these is well recorded. Records show that there was a sub-cold period (around 280 000 yr) during this temperate period. It remains to be confirmed whether this sub-cold period was limited to northeastern China. The third cold period is well recorded in the region. The fauna in this third period were composed mostly of temperate forms, as well as typical cold and pro-cold forms.     

Exploring cyclic changes of the ocean carbon reservoir

A 5-Ma record from ODP Site 1143 has re-vealed the long-term cycles of 400—500 ka in the carbon isotope variations. The periodicity is correlatable all over the global ocean and hence indicative of low-frequency changes in the ocean carbon reservoir. As the same periodicity is also found in carbonate and eolian dust records in the tropical ocean, it may have been caused by such low-latitude proc-esses like monsoon. According to the Quaternary records from Site 1143 and elsewhere, major ice-sheet expansion and major transition in glacial cyclicity (such as the Mid-Brunhes Event and the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution ) were all pre-ceded by reorganization in the ocean carbon reservoir ex-pressed as an episode of carbon isotope maximum (d 13Cmax), implying the role of carbon cycling in modulating the glacial periodicity. The Quaternary glacial cycles, therefore, should no more be ascribed to the physical response to insolation changes at the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes alone; rather, they have been driven by the 揹ouble forcing? a combination of processes at both high and low latitudes, and of processes in both physical (ice-sheet) and biogeochemical (carbon cycling) realms. As the Earth is now passing through a new carbon isotope maximum, it is of vital impor-tance to understand the cyclic variations in the ocean carbon reservoir and its climate impact. The Pre-Quaternary varia-tions in carbon and oxygen isotopes are characterized by their co-variations at the 400-ka eccentricity band, but the response of d 13C and d 18O to orbital forcing in the Quater-nary became diverged with the growth of the Arctic ice-sheet. The present paper is the second summary report of ODP Leg 184 to the South China Sea.     

Microstructure evolution in grey cast iron during directional solidification

The solidification characteristics and microstructure evolution in grey cast iron were investigated through Jmat-Pro simulations and quenching performed during directional solidification. The phase transition sequence of grey cast iron was determined as L → L + γ → L +γ + G → γ + G → P (α + Fe₃C) + α + G. The graphite can be formed in three ways:directly nucleated from liquid through the eutectic reaction (L → γ + G), independently precipitated from the oversaturated γ phase (γ → γ + G), and produced via the eutectoid transformation (γ → G + α). The area fraction and length of graphite as well as the primary dendrite spacing decrease with increasing cooling rate. Type-A graphite is formed at a low cooling rate, whereas a high cooling rate results in the precipitation of type-D graphite. After analyzing the graphite precipitation in the as-cast and transition regions separately solidified with and without inoculation, we concluded that, induced by the inoculant addition, the location of graphite precipitation changes from mainly the γ interdendritic region to the entire γ matrix. It suggests that inoculation mainly acts on graphite precipitation in the γ matrix, not in the liquid or at the solid-liquid front.     

Susceptibility variations of multiple origins of loess from the Ily Basin (NW China)

The magnetic susceptibility of loess from the Ily Basin,northwestern China shows maximum values in S0 paleosols but minimum values in other paleosols,the mechanism of which has been well debated.In this work,systematic magnetic measurements were made on a representative section from Neleke county.The results show that the loess horizons(L1,L2 and L3) have multi-domain magnetite grains of aeolian origin,S0 is characterized by production of pedogenetic ultrafine-grained ferrimagnetic minerals,and the other paleosols(S1,S2,and S3) are characterized by the formation of nonferrimagnetic minerals associated with waterlogging.The correlation between the low concentration of ferrimagnets,high paramagnetic content,high magnetic coercivity remanence,fine ferrimagnetic grain size and intensified pedogenesis suggest two competing processes of pedogenetic enhancement and pedogenetic depletion in the lower paleosols.Pedogenetic depletion dominates and is responsible for the low susceptibility.Changes in magnetic grain size distribution occur during pedogenetic depletion.The susceptibility variations are of multiple origins in the loess of the Ily Basin.Pedogenetic enhancement,pedogenetic depletion,and allochthonous input of magnetic minerals should all be taken into account to explain the variations of magnetic parameters.     

古土壤在青藏高原隆升研究中的缺陷与陷阱

研究表明古土壤在青藏高原隆升研究中理论上存在缺陷 ,同时指出运用古土壤指示环境变化与高原隆升中土壤发生学上易出现的几个研究陷阱 ,如古土壤的多元发生、异源母质、发生特性的多因素成因与分异、古土壤与现代土壤类型的可比性与精准性等。并讨论解决现有困境的可能与未来研究方向     

偏缠绕模的Maschke型定理

设(A,C,ψ),(A′,C′,ψ′)为两偏缠绕结构,给定α:A→A′和γ:C→C′.引入两个偏缠绕模范畴M(ψ)_A~C和M(ψ′)_A′~C′的导出函子F,并证明此导出函子F有右伴随函子:G:M(ψ′)_A′~C′→M(ψ)_A~C.最后,引入偏正规化余积分θ:C→AA的概念并证明了偏缠绕模范畴的Maschke型定理,也就是说,假设存在偏正规化余积分,给定M_A~C(ψ)中态射f:M→N,则有当单(满)态射f看作C-余模态射可分裂时,必有单(满)态射f在M_A~C(ψ)中可分裂.