管片衬砌可靠度分析实用方法研究

由于盾构隧道管片衬砌结构形式的特殊性,可靠度分析中仅采用截面承载力极限状态方程作为功能函数不够全面,故文中提出管片可靠度分析应采用双功能函数,即增选管片裂缝宽度控制方程作为第二功能函数.考虑到随机变量的非正态分布和功能函数的高度非线性,常规一次二阶矩法精度较低,提出采用映射变换和二次二阶矩相结合的方法进行管片衬砌可靠度分析.实例表明:双功能函数相互补充,可保证结构的安全可靠,映射变换和二次二阶矩结合分析法清晰简便,能较好地解决功能函数高度非线性、随机变量非正态分布等问题.     

用几何法求构件的可靠指标

本文所介绍的计算结构可靠指标的几何法既适用于随机变量为正态分布、对数正态分布及极值Ⅰ型等分布情况,也适用于基本随机变量相关的情况.该法将各种分布的随机变量转化成标准正态变量,然后用迭代法求解.几何法与过去常用求可靠指标的一次二阶矩法相比,具有迭代次数少、收敛快、精度高的优点,并在计算出可靠指标的同时,求出设计验算点值.当进一步研究随机有限元和结构系统的可靠度时,需对结构反复进行分析,有时需多次求可靠指标,这时,用几何法求解将更合适.     

土坡可靠度的随机BISHOP法

将土的容重、粘聚力、内摩擦角作为随机变量。变量为非正态分布时，对变量进行当量正态化，求其当量的数字特征值，并考虑对变量进行截尾处理。随机变量相关情况下，对协方差矩阵利用ＪＡＣＯＢＩ方法进行处理，然后利用基于有限元法随机方法进行迭代，随后将传统ＢＩＳＨＯＰ法的极限状态方程中安全系数Ｆ_３取１，推得随机ＢＩＳＨＯＰ法极限状态方程，求土坡可靠指标β值     

基于通用生成函数的结构可靠性优化

为提高传统可靠性分析算法求解工程问题的计算效率,将可靠性优化中的双循环法与通用生成函数相结合,建立优化的数学模型进行可靠性分析,并通过k-means聚类和同类项合并缩减计算成本,提高效率.计算结果表明:当优化模型的极限功能函数为线性方程或非线性方程时,通用生成函数的误差分别为6.1%和10%,与一次二阶矩法和二次二阶矩法相比,其在精确度上的优势随着极限功能函数的非线性程度增加而更突出,计算效率明显高于蒙特卡罗法.在随机变量增加且不服从正态分布的工程实例中,基于通用生成函数的可靠性优化方法也比传统的可靠性优化方法精度高、效率快、普适性强.     

采用增广乘子法和模拟退火法的结构可靠性分析

为避免一次二阶矩法的雅可比矩阵计算和罚函数法的罚因子选取,提出了一种采用增广乘子法和模拟退火法的结构可靠性分析方法。利用优化理论,以可靠指标最小为目标函数,以极限状态方程为等式约束条件,建立结构可靠性分析数学模型。采用增广乘子法将上述有约束优化模型变换为无约束优化模型,并用模拟退火法求解,从而避免了雅可比矩阵的计算以及初始罚因子的选取。采用一次二阶矩法、本文方法、蒙特卡罗模拟法分别对数值算例及悬臂梁工程算例进行了可靠性分析,结果表明:较一次二阶矩法,本文方法更接近于蒙特卡罗模拟法的结果,更精确;较蒙特卡罗模拟法,本文方法迭代次数较少,效率较高。     

软土地区钻孔灌注桩承载力的可靠度研究

在充分研究钻孔灌注桩桩径变异和上部结构活载、恒载变化对承载力影响的基础上,建立钻孔灌注桩极限承载力非线性状态方程,用改进一次二阶矩法进行可靠度分析和分项系数研究,比较了总安全系数与分项系数两种桩基设计方法的优劣。收集了上海及沿海软土地区48根钻孔灌注桩资料并进行电算,分析研究了可靠性指标与各主要参数的关系．     

随机变量非正态分布且相关的机械零件单模失效可靠度分析

研究含有非正态随机变量且随机变量具有相关性的机械零件单模可靠度统一模型,运用Rosenblatt变换(RT变换)、R-F变换、Edgeworth级数法将非正态分布随机变量变换为正态随机变量,利用线性代数理论将相关标准正态随机变量转换为线性无关的正态随机变量,然后利用一次二阶矩(FOSM)法、改进的一次二阶矩(AFOSM)法求得机械零件单模可靠度指数及可靠度.基于所建机械零件单模可靠度统一模型,提出了含有非正态随机变量且随机变量间具有相关性的零件单模可靠度计算机求解的实现算法.以某1.6 MW风电齿轮箱中一对标准直齿轮啮合传动为例,通过探讨齿面接触疲劳这一单模失效下的可靠度,分析了随机变量间相关系数的变化对零件可靠度的影响规律,同时验证了算法的适用性和高效性.     

基于SVR的万向节机构可靠性及灵敏度分析

针对结构隐式极限状态函数的可靠性分析问题,将支持向量机回归理论应用到万向节机构可靠性分析中,提出了一种基于支持向量机回归的万向节机构可靠性分析方法.通过支持向量机回归与一次二阶矩法相结合,利用支持向量机的小样本学习能力,将隐式极限状态函数近似为显式极限状态函数.运用蒙特卡罗法计算出万向节机构的可靠性指标,然后由高精度的显式极限状态方程进行各随机变量的灵敏度分析.最后以某剪切机中万向节机构为对象,进行了机构的可靠性及灵敏度分析.结果表明:该方法具有高精度和高效率的优点,并对其他机械结构可靠性分析具有一定的参考意义.     

上海软土基坑水泥土挡墙的可靠度指标研究

结合常规定值计算方法，提出用于软土基坑水泥土挡墙可靠度分析的6种失效模式。建立了相应的极限状态方程．在具有代表性的18例上海软土地质资料基础上，参数统计采用空间平均特性概念，用一次二阶矩验算点法（JC法）进行有关的可靠度计算与分析，分析结果与工程实践基本一致，为有关土层的抗剪强度指标分项系数的研究工作打下基础     

考虑低应力幅影响的钢吊车梁疲劳可靠度分析

讨论了钢吊车梁疲劳可靠度分析方法.首先,建立了考虑低应力幅对变幅疲劳损伤程度减弱和疲劳荷载循环次数增长率这两个因素的钢吊车梁疲劳失效极限状态方程;其次,探讨了疲劳失效极限状态方程中各随机变量的统计特性,并按一次二阶矩方法和蒙特卡洛模拟方法计算了疲劳可靠度指标;然后,通过算例,研究了以上两个因素对疲劳可靠度指标的影响.研究结果表明:考虑低应力幅的疲劳损伤减弱后,钢吊车梁的疲劳可靠度指标显著增大,但随着疲劳荷载循环次数增长率的提高,疲劳可靠度指标降低.最后,提出了钢结构疲劳设计的几点建议.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.