三维内肋管内乙二醇在层流和过渡流区对流换热的实验研究

以乙二醇为工质，在Ｒｅ数为２５０－６０００，Ｐｒ数为６５－９０之间的工况范围内，对７根具有不同肋形结构尺寸和肋排列形式的三维内肋管管内对流换热和阻力特性进行了实验。结果表明，换热最强的三维内肋管与光管相比，在过渡流区换热强化倍数平均可达４．５倍，同时流阻增加约３倍；在层流区换热强化倍数约为２．４倍，而流阻仅增加约０．６７倍，三维内肋的肋形结构尺寸和肋排列形式均对三维内肋管内的换热和阻力特性以及层流     

管风多片旗形动态插入件强化传热的实验研究

研究了圆管内均匀布置１－５片旗形件时油的强化传热及流阻特性。当工质参数处于１４６≤Ｐｒ≤２０６和８５２≤Ｒｅ≤６８５７时以４片旗形件最佳；其换热系数ｈ与光管换热系数ｈ０之比可高达４．１；而压降之比最高只有３．４；综合判据之值可高达２．９５。     

R22饱和蒸气在水平双侧强化管外凝结换热的实验研究

对氟里昂制冷工质Ｒ２２在水平单管外的凝结换热性能进行了实验研究．传热管分别采用光管、低肋管及６根不同几何参数的双侧强化高效传热管．试验结果表明：强化管内侧强化换热效果为光管的２倍左右，管外凝结换热系数是光管的５～７倍．在冷凝温度为４０℃、管内冷却水流速范围为０．５～３．２ｍ／ｓ时，各强化管总的传热系数是低肋管的１～２倍，是光管的４～６倍     

螺旋折流板波槽管换热器换热与阻力实验研究

以水为工质，对螺旋折流板波槽管换热器、螺旋折流板光管换热器及传统弓形折流板光管换热器进行了壳程和管程的传热及阻力对比实验研究．结果表明，相比弓形折流板光管换热器，螺旋折流板光管换热器总传热系数和壳程换热系数分别提高50％～80％和90％，壳程阻力减少15％～20％；螺旋折流板与波槽管结合使用，换热能力进一步加强，总传热系数是弓形折流板光管换热器的2．01～2．11倍，是螺旋折流板光管换热器的1．15～1．6倍．     

F12在螺旋线圈管内的流动沸腾特性

本文报道了Ｆ１２在插入两种不同丝径的小间距螺旋线圈时管内的流动沸腾传热及流阻特性，选取适当的螺旋丝径与较小的间距，内插线圈管的流动沸腾换热系数可达光管的２．１倍，而其流阻增大不到２．５倍，相应的热力性能系数最大可达８．１４。该法可用以强化制冷蒸发器及ＯＡＫ系列套片管式蒸发器的传热。     

螺旋扭带强化管内的流动沸腾传热

以乙醇、正丙醇为工作介质，研究了垂直管道内插入扭带对流动沸腾传热的强化效果，采用扭带的扭率为２．５、５．０和７．５。通过实验探讨了热通量、蒸汽干度、质量流速和扭率对流动沸腾传热特性的影响，结果表明，插入扭带与空管相比，流动沸腾传系数明显提高，在ＪＣＣｈｅｎ双机理加和模型的基础节螺旋流的特点，预测的螺旋流沸腾传系数与实验值吻合良好。     

基于Webb指标的管内强化对流换热热力性能的计算及应用

依据Ｗｅｂｂ指标,对管内强化对流换热方式下传热和流阻的综合热力性能进行了推导,得到了相同泵功和换热面积条件下,强化方式换热量与光管换热量之比与管内对流换热努塞尔数Ｎｕ和管内阻力系数λ之间的函数关系式．同理得到了相同泵功和换热量条件下换热面积之比以及相同换热量和换热面积条件下泵功之比的计算式．在此基础上,对进口轴向叶片旋流器强化管内换热的热力性能进行了评价和分析     

水平冷凝强化传热管的传热性能

以Ｒ１１为工质，测试了饱和蒸汽状态下水平冷凝强化传热管－低肋管、Ｃ管、以及双侧强化传热管ＧＣ管的传热性能。并与同工况条件下测得的光管传热性能进行了比较。实验结果表明，被研制的ＧＣ管总传热系数比光管提高４倍多；而相应的管内侧冷却水流动阻力系数平均为光管的７倍多。最后运用熵分析法对水平冷凝强化传热管的强化传热性能进行了评价，结果表明ＧＣ管的强化传热性能优于ＤＡＣ管（另一双侧强化传热冷凝管）等水平冷凝强     

管内多片旗形动态插入件强化传热的实验研究

研究了圆管内均匀布置１～５片旗形件时油的强化传热及流阻特性。当工质参数处于１４６≤Ｐｒ≤２０６和８５２≤Ｒｅ≤６８５７时以４片旗形件最佳；其换热系数ｈ与光管换热系数ｈ０之比可高达４．１；而压降之比（Δｐ／Δｐ０）最高只有３．４；综合判据（Ｎｕ／Ｎｕ０）／（ｆ／ｆ０）０．２９之值可高达２．９５。     

管内旗形件后掠角对油类介质对流换热的影响

实验研究了水平圆管内插入旗形件时其后掠角对３０＃透平油的对流传热及流阻特性的影响。实验圆管为φ２４ｍｍ×２ｍｍ×７００ｍｍ的紫铜圆管，后掠角为８６°，８１°，７６°，７０°，６５°五种。其它参数范围为：１４６≤Ｐｒ≤２０６，１０６７≤Ｒｅ≤６８５７，０．０７＜ｃｏｓ＜０．４２。实验范围内，换热系数首先随后掠角的增大而上升，然后又下降，在后掠角７６°左右呈现出最佳值，阻力则随后掠角的增加而增加。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-