基于测井资料的页岩油储层甜点预测

页岩油储层甜点预测受很多因素的影响,明确其主控因素并赋以合理权重是快速、高效地进行甜点评价的关键。传统的页岩油甜点预测法在赋以权重以及划分标准方面不尽合理。为此,首先,采用灰色关联分析法进行主控因素分析;其次,利用复相关系数法对优选的主控因素按照其所属储层类型进行合理的赋值;最后,综合建立储层的地质工程甜点系数来实现页岩储层甜点的精准预测。以长庆油田陇东地区长₇段页岩油储层为研究对象,利用测井资料从烃源岩特性品质（SQ）、储层物性品质（RQ）和完井品质（CQ）评价方面优选了10个具有代表性的地质和工程甜点参数,并建立了工区页岩油储层地质工程双甜点评价标准：X_SQ>0.581、X_RQ>0.494和X_CQ>0.715,该标准预测得到的工区甜点与实际高低产区吻合度高,证实了该方法的准确性。本研究可为陇东地区长₇段页岩油储层的甜点预测和井位部署提供理论依据。     

基于测井资料的低孔低渗储层产能预测研究

针对低孔低渗储层产能预测模型受敏感因素影响大,主次因素在低产情况下区别不明显,产能预测评价相对较困难等实际问题,以准噶尔盆地夏子街地区夏77井、夏79井为例,开展低孔低渗储层产能预测的前期试验研究,对多个产能预测模型及其适用条件进行了对比分析,从Darcy模型、Jones（1976）模型、Vogel/Harrison（1968）模型、裂缝模型中进行优选和调试。通过分析产能预测模型结果与测试结果在产量上的相关性,表明基于测井资料的预测结果与试油测试结果相当吻合,从而确认产能预测模型结果的可靠性。     

基于GA-BP神经网络的长宁地区页岩气水平井产能预测技术

准确预测页岩体积压裂井的产能是确定合理开发决策的重要前提。目前页岩气井产能预测主要基于理论模型,需要理想化假设条件和不易得到的参数,导致体积压裂前的产量预测精度不高。为此,通过数据挖掘技术直接从影响产能的参数入手,突破传统理论模型的局限,首先利用灰色关联度确定影响长宁地区57口页岩气水平井压后产量的主控因素及权重,然后基于遗传算法优化的误差反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络方法,建立页岩气水平井体积压裂产能预测模型。基于该模型,针对长宁地区已生产井数据开展现场应用。应用结果表明:工程参数主要影响页岩气水平井的初期产量,总有机碳含量(total organic carbon,TOC)、单井百米液量、单井百米砂量、脆性矿物指数等工程参数是影响页岩气水平井测试产量和3个月累产气量的主控因素;TOC、I类储层钻遇长度、孔隙度、含气量等地质参数是影响页岩气水平井1年累产气量的主控因素;基于长宁地区已生产井数据建立的页岩气水平井体积压裂测试产量预测模型的平均误差为8.76%,预测误差同比多元回归模型预测降低了47.79%;基于遗传算法-误差反向传播(genetic algorithm-back propagation,GA-BP)神经网络的产能预测技术具有操作灵活和预测精度高的特点。利用大数据分析和产能预测方法为长宁地区页岩气井的产能预测提供一种新思路,提高了产能预测效率,并有效地指导现场施工。     

渭北长3裂缝性致密储层渗流特征及产能研究

为了研究基质与天然裂缝系统的渗流特征及其对产能的影响,以渭北油田长₃典型裂缝性致密储层为研究对象,通过核磁共振和室内测试综合实验,测定了储层渗流启动压力梯度的大小,基质和裂缝岩芯孔隙结构随围压的变化规律,基质和裂缝岩芯孔隙度随有效应力的变化规律及应力敏感系数,建立并验证了考虑启动压力梯度、基质与裂缝应力敏感差异的多级压裂水平井产能模型,分析了启动压力梯度、基质和裂缝应力敏感性对产能的影响规律。结果表明,拟启动压力梯度随着岩芯流度的降低而不断增加;裂缝岩芯的孔隙度应力敏感及渗透率敏感性均强于基质岩芯;基质应力敏感性对产能的影响更显著。因此,渭北长₃裂缝性致密储层的有效开发,应该考虑降低基质应力敏感性和启动压力梯度的影响。     

苏里格东区致密气藏压裂水平井产能影响因素及其优化设计

对苏里格东区某实际致密气藏进行了压裂水平井产能影响因素分析,得到主控因素,并据此完成不同储层条件下压裂水平井参数设计的优化图版.结果表明:地层渗透率越低、各向异性越强,则水平井段和裂缝的最优长度越大,最优压裂裂缝间距越小,且各影响因素对增产效果影响具有相关性.     

页岩气储层压裂水平井非线性渗流模型

水平井+体积压裂技术已经成为目前高效高速开发页岩气藏的主要技术手段。针对页岩储层存在的吸附扩散效应和应力敏感效应以及流体的滑脱效应和高速紊流效应,建立了水平井多级压裂复合渗流模型,并获得了其在Laplace空间的解析解;通过Stefest数值反演和Duhamel原理,得到了考虑井筒储集效应和表皮效应影响下的实空间无因次产量模型,从而绘制了无因次产能模型图版并进行了产能影响因素敏感性分析。根据实践应用结果显示,模型能够预测水平井产量并具有更高的预测精度。研究结果表明:页岩气藏压裂水平井产能可划分为三个渗流区域和五个流动阶段,前期由裂缝线性流占主导地位,产量高但递减速度快;中期由天然裂缝供气,是处于基质和裂缝供气的过渡阶段;后期由基质线性流占主导地位,产量低但递减缓慢。启动压力梯度对水平井前期产量影响较大,而储层应力敏感性对后期产量影响较大。模型为认识体积压裂水平井复杂渗流规律、预测页岩气藏压裂水平井产能、评价压裂效果以及优化水平井压裂参数提供了有效的科学依据和理论支撑。     

准噶尔盆地PX地区石炭系火山岩储层储量参数研究

准噶尔盆地车排子地区石炭系火山岩油藏勘探取得重要发现,但针对该区的火山岩储层尚未开展系统的储量参数研究。综合运用岩心、岩屑、试油、测井和地震资料,采用岩性约束"孔隙-裂缝"双介质模型方法,对准噶尔盆地PX井区石炭系火山岩岩性、储集空间及储层储量参数进行分析,并针对不同岩相建立火山岩双介质储层物性参数定量解释模型,定量计算火山岩储层的物性参数和含油饱和度。结果表明:研究区火山作用形成的岩石主要有凝灰岩、火山角砾岩、玄武岩和安山岩,可划分为爆发相、溢流相及火山沉积相3种岩相类型;孔隙和裂缝是准噶尔盆地PX井区重要的储集空间,测井综合识别裂缝方法适用于火山岩裂缝型储层预测;岩性约束的"孔隙-裂缝"双介质模型适用于火山岩储层储量参数的优选和储量计算。     

鄂尔多斯盆地致密油体积压裂水平井产量预测

目前常用的水平井产量预测数值模拟方法和理论解析方法都难以解决致密油储层横向非均质变化大和人工裂缝发育程度描述难的问题。为解决以上问题,基于测井解释资料和体积压裂施工参数,从地质和工程两个方面对致密油水平井产量进行分析和效果评价,并采用灰色关联分析法,将水平段地质参数（标准录井气测全烃值、渗透率、脆性指数）、油层包络面面积、储层横向非均质系数作为影响储层含油性、渗透性、可压性和非均质性的敏感性参数;将施工参数的单井总入地液量作为产量的工程敏感性参数。通过拟合回归,建立对数预测模型对致密油水平井产量进行预测,达到降低致密油规模开发中的投资风险,提高产建效益的目的。应用该方法对合水长7致密油区块6口水平井进行产量预测,预测值与实际值平均相对误差仅为8.0%,效果较好。     

气藏产能测井预测方法研究综述

气藏产能的精准预测直接关系到开发方案的有效制定。地球物理测井能够直接从井筒中获取储层信息，并有效表征与产能相关的孔隙度、渗透率、含气饱和度等参数，因此气藏产能测井预测研究备受业界重视。本文基于国内外气藏产能预测方法的文献调研，简要阐述了影响气藏产能的主控因素之后，系统梳理和归纳总结了测井曲线特征法、数理统计法、采气指数法、人工智能法等常见的4类气藏产能测井预测方法，最后对其气藏产能测井预测方法的适用性进行了分析，并对今后气藏产能测井预测方法进行了展望。旨在通过本文的研究综述，为今后各类气田产能测井预测方法的优选提供一定的理论参考。     

福山凹陷低阻油层成因分析及流体识别方法

福山油田涠洲组广泛发育低阻油层,储层低阻成因机制认识不清与储层流体准确识别是制约涠洲组高效勘探开发的主要难题。以花场、白莲、永安地区为研究对象,综合分析岩石物理实验、地层水分析化验、测井、试油等资料,围绕地层水矿化度、淡水钻井液侵入、束缚水饱和度、黏土附加导电性、含油饱和度5方面因素展开分析研究。明确不同地区低阻主控因素,深入分析不同成因机制的岩石物理和测井响应特征,针对性构建综合储集指数、侵入因子、电阻增大率等流体敏感测井评价参数。结合测井解释及生产试油情况,建立相应流体识别图版,应用于涠洲组27口井58个试油层位。结果表明,流体识别符合率由76%提高到84%,有效提高了涠洲组低阻油层流体识别准确率。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-