环县虎洞镇杨岭沟、朱砚沟泥石流特征及危害程度分区

杨岭沟泥石流流域呈“柳叶”型,面积为0.76km2。朱砚沟泥石流流域呈“火炬”型,面积为0.63km2。经计算杨岭沟泥石流流速为2.09m/s,一次过流总量Qp1%为0.49×104m3,Qp2%为0.26×104m3,朱砚沟泥石流流速为2.11m/s,一次过流总量Qp1%为0.41×104m3,Qp2%为0.22×104m3。根据杨岭沟、朱砚沟泥石流沟道发育的特征以及堆积区的地形特征结合泥石流冲淤范围等因素,可将杨岭沟、朱砚沟泥石流危害区分为严重区、较严重区、一般区。     

白龙江流域降雨型泥石流活动规模预测模型

白龙江地区泥石流沟谷内大量松散固体物质在强降雨的激发下易形成规模较大的降雨型泥石流,泥石流一次冲出量比同等条件下要放大数倍,应用以往泥石流活动规模预测模型进行计算的结果与实际值误差较大,因此,需构建适用于白龙江流域暴雨型泥石流一次最大冲出量定量预测方法。本文以区内降雨频率为10a一遇的24条沟谷型泥石流历史活动规模为典型实例,结合野外调查利用Matalb多元非线性统计方法建立了泥石流一次最大冲出量预测模型,最后结合舟曲三眼峪沟“8.8”特大泥石流等5条暴雨型泥石流灾害特征,对预测模型优化完善构建了不同规模降雨频率下的泥石流活动规模定量表达式。结果表明：影响泥石流一次最大冲出量的有泥石流灾害爆发区面积、流域内松散固体物质总量及诱发泥石流的降雨条件等3个因素,所建立的模型适用于白龙江流域降雨沟谷型泥石流活动规模的预测,该方法可为经济建设安全地段选址和未来城镇泥石流快速风险管理提供重要依据。     

四川绵竹清平乡"8·13"走马岭特大泥石流灾害特征

2010年8月13日四川省绵竹市清平乡着降暴雨导致走马岭沟暴发泥石流,主沟及支沟内的大量松散堆积物一起冲出,导致绵运河改道.为了探讨强震区泥石流灾害的形成原因及成灾机理,利用野外现场调查资料和航空图像解译成果对马岭泥石流的流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,进行了分析.结果表明走马岭特大泥石流受降雨影响显著,流速为7.19m/s,最大洪峰流量为866.35m3/s,一次泥石流过流总量为121.64×104 m3,显示了强震区泥石流暴发的特点,认为震后绵运河区域进入了泥石流的高发期,降雨是强震区诱发泥石流的主要动力因素,泥石流暴发主要受前期累积雨量和当次激发雨量共同作用.     

都江堰市龙池镇“8·13”蜂桶岩泥石流灾害特征

蜂桶岩泥石流是汶川地震灾区都江堰市龙池镇2010年“8·13”泥石流灾害中的新增灾害点之一.以野外调查资料和室内实验数据为基础,分析了蜂桶岩泥石流的成灾条件、过程及特征.蜂桶岩沟流域内地震产生的部分松散固体物质在降水带动下向沟下游流动,侵蚀地表形成洪水沟.在8月13日的强降雨作用下,大量坡体上的松散固体物质随水流汇集到洪水沟,与沟道内的松散堆积物质一起迅速向下流动形成泥石流.激发蜂桶岩泥石流的1h降雨量为53.8 mm,8月13日全天总降雨量为209.8 mm,降雨频率约为十年一遇.“8·13”蜂桶岩泥石流容重为2.0 g/cm3,泥石流屈服应力为4999 Pa,洪峰流量为104 m3/s,冲出物总体积为7.4×104 m3.蜂桶岩沟在发生“8.13”泥石流后沟道深切,流域内还存有松散固体物源,具备再次发生泥石流的条件,沟口区域不再适宜作为居民建设用地.     

不同工程情景和降雨频率工况下白龙江流域泥石流危险性评价

为深入认识不同工况下泥石流灾害的堆积特征及潜在危害,采用FLO-2D模型对白龙江流域泥湾沟在有无治理情景不同降雨频率条件下泥石流堆积特征及危险区进行模型分析。结果显示在有工程治理情景下,泥湾沟危险区面积相对无工程时减少29.71%～52.06%;无工程治理情景下1%、2%、5%等3种降雨重现期工况的冲出固体物质量是有工程治理同等条件下的1.55～2.99倍。结合构建的泥石流一次最大冲出量模型对模拟结果进行误差分析,结果显示在有无工程治理情景下泥石流最大堆积厚度及冲出固体物质总量相对误差分别在0.74%～28.48%、2.03%～14.97%范围内,模拟效果较好,可为今后白龙江流域降雨型泥石流工程防治提供技术参考。     

九龙县踏卡河流域乌拉溪沟低频泥石流特征与危险性

通过计算分析四川省九龙县踏卡河流域乌拉溪沟的泥石流运动特征参数并结合实地调查,探讨其再次暴发的危险性.研究表明:乌拉溪沟泥石流属于低频稀性泥石流,二十年一遇泥石流的流速为4.35 m/s,峰值流量达221.09 m3/s,一次冲出固体物质总量为4.18×104 m3;流域内物源丰富,总量为527.85×104m3,多为...     

汶川地震后文家沟地表侵蚀及地貌演化约束研究

结合野外资料,利用GIS技术,提取了绵远河流域的坡度、地形起伏度等地貌参数,对绵远河流域的构造地貌进行了分析;以汶川地震重灾区绵远河流域的文家沟滑坡、泥石流为例,对该区汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程进行研究。研究表明,文家沟地处汶川地震震中区,映秀-北川断裂带(主断裂带)在其北西侧约3.6 km的地方切过,为引发滑坡提供了构造条件;地震之前,文家沟近百年内未发生过滑坡、崩塌;地震之后,触发了体积约为2 750×104m3的初始滑坡体,最终滑坡体堆积物多达5 000×104m3,是汶川地震中的第二大滑坡;从2008年9月至2010年10月,文家沟先后发生了5次规模较大的泥石流灾害,累积泥石流量达557×104m3,表明约有11%的震后滑坡转化为泥石流;汶川地震造成了文家沟约1 952.5×104m3的同震抬升量,而震后滑坡体堆积量约为5 000×104m3,说明震后的滑坡量远大于同震抬升量,山体平均海拔被降低。     

江西崇义县楼梯石沟泥石流特征及成因研究

楼梯石沟位于章江源头江西省崇义县聂都乡境内,为典型降雨型泥石流沟谷。该沟于2009年7月3日晨暴发泥石流灾害,堆积方量约5.14×10~4 m~3,造成直接经济损失约100万元。通过对楼梯石泥石流沟流域地形条件、物源条件及水源条件的特征分析,得出该沟形成泥石流的条件充分:1)主沟平均纵比降126‰,相对高差759.3 m,易发生浅层滑坡的山体(表面坡度25～45°)面积较大,约1.63 km~2;2)泥石流松散固体物源主要为浅层滑坡堆积体,总方量达26.15×10~4 m~3。楼梯石沟"7·3"泥石流为浅层滑坡启动类型,大量滑坡体进入沟道后被洪水启动形成泥石流。预测在50年一遇或大于50年一遇的强降雨条件下,楼梯石沟还可能发生新的泥石流。     

贵州望谟县姚家湾沟泥石流成因及力学特征和易发性

2011年6月6日姚家湾沟流域内波树滑坡在强降雨下滑动解体形成碎屑流随后转化成泥石流冲出沟道,冲毁房屋7户,掩埋农田数亩。为了查明泥石流的成因和静动力学特征,更好地提高泥石流防治和预测预警水平。通过实地调查和理论计算,分析了泥石流的成因和静动力学特征并对易发性做了预测。结果表明:本次泥石流的发生,滑坡提供了物源,而超100 a一遇的降雨是泥石流发生的激发因素;泥石流容重为1. 84 g/cm~3,平均流速为6. 62 m/s,峰值流量为86 m~3/s,一次固体物质冲出量约为4×10~4m~3。屈服应力在3 500 Pa以上,整体冲击力为110 kN,最大石块冲击力为55. 6 kN;通过定性和定量两种方法预测姚家湾沟今后发生泥石流的可能性小。     

四川丹巴县“6·17”梅龙沟泥石流-阿娘寨滑坡灾害链现场调查与监测分析

中国西南山区特殊的地形地貌使地质灾害往往具有链式效应,对链式灾害展开研究可以明显提高山区防灾减灾水平。以2020年6月17日四川省丹巴县半扇门镇发生的短时暴雨-梅龙沟泥石流-堰塞堵江-山洪-阿娘寨古滑坡堆积体复活灾害链为研究对象,通过野外调查、无人机数据和现场监测,对整个灾害链的发育过程和堆积复活机理及变形特征展开研究。结果表明:短时强降雨使梅龙沟内松散堆积体被激活形成泥石流,一次性冲出方量约0.4×10~6 m~3,局部堵塞小金川河,形成堰塞湖。堰塞体自然溃流后,改道洪水强烈冲刷阿娘寨古滑坡坡脚,致使滑坡前缘发生持续坍塌,约2.35×10~6 m~3堆积体被携带至下游,造成阿娘寨下游7.2 km内小金川河床抬升1～17 m,并引起阿娘寨古滑坡堆积体前缘发生明显变形,阿娘寨滑坡前缘复活。阿娘寨堆积体复活面积约0.62 km~2,方量约40×10~6 m~3,并可划分为4个变形分区。监测结果表明:复活区主要为整体滑移变形,最大水平和竖直变形量为22.76 m和-16.6 m,降雨对复活区变形速率影响不大,小金川河流量对其影响较为明显。目前在无外界干扰下,基本趋于稳定,但在雨季时仍需特别注意。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to