火花塞离子电流传感器在发动机敲缸探测上的应用研究

提出了一种直接利用火花塞作为检测传感器测量发动机爆震的新方法 .通过在火花塞电极两端加偏置电压 ,测量燃烧过程中流经火花塞的离子电流 ,从而判断发动机是否爆震 .在ＤＡ4 6 2 -Ａ四缸汽油机上进行了大量的试验研究 ,采集出了爆震与非爆震时的离子电流信号 ,发现有爆震时会出现一定频率的高频信号叠加在离子电流信号上 .对所采集的信号进行快速傅里叶 (ＦＦＴ)变换 ,确定试验用发动机爆震的特征频域为10～ 11ｋＨｚ .实验结果证明 ,火花塞作为离子电流传感器是探测火花点火发动机爆震的有效、便捷方法 .火花塞离子电流传感器在发动机敲…     

离子电流法检测发动机失火和爆震的研究

通过外加偏置电压，在火花塞两极之间形成稳定的离子电流，用监测离子电流信号的变化来实现发动机运转参数的检测。采用调整火花塞间隙，增加积碳等方式产生失火，监测失火时离子电流波形在形状与幅值上与正常燃烧时波形的差别来检测失火。通过检测爆震时产生的叠加在离子电流信号上的高频信号，就可实现爆震检测，测得的爆震频率为10-11kHz。对爆震与非爆震两种信号进行了波形对比、快速傅里叶变换（FFT）分析和爆震强度评价。试验证明，用火花塞作为传感器检测失火和爆震直观可靠，简单易行，成本低廉，具有广阔的市场潜力。     

离子电流法在发动机燃烧室内工作过程检测中的应用

描述了一种新的发动机信号检测方法———离子电流法 ,即直接利用火花塞电极作为传感器检测汽车发动机燃烧室内工作过程信号的方法 .当发动机工作时 ,由于工况不同、燃气密度不同 ,通过火花塞离子电流的大小及变化也将不同 ,因此利用火花塞电极作为信号感受器 ,可以检测诸如缸内压力、负荷、失火等发动机信号 ;为了获得不同目的的信号检测 ,作者首次在火花塞电极两端加不同的电压 ,获得了发动机在做功冲程以及进、排气冲程中的离子电流信号 ,为今后进一步检测其它信号 ,如爆震、排放等奠定了基础 .     

采用离子电流法的发动机非正常燃烧诊断

为了在线获得发动机工作过程中气缸内的燃烧信息,并对发动机非正常燃烧进行诊断,在一台点燃式汽油机的气缸垫内对称布置8个离子电流测量电极,来采集发动机正常燃烧与爆震、失火时气缸内的离子电流信号,经分析比较给出了爆震和失火的诊断依据。结果显示:爆震时,气缸垫内4号测量电极测得的离子电流信号的峰值大于1μA,7号测量电极测得的离子电流信号提前出现且在上止点附近;失火时,5号、6号测量电极测得的离子电流很微弱,小于0.2μA,离子电流信号推迟出现且在上止点后30°~40°之间。该结果可为离子电流法获取点燃式及压燃式发动机气缸内不同位置的信息提供理论依据,且方法简单易行、获得燃烧信息全面,可为实现基于离子电流法的发动机电控系统开发提供实验基础。     

离子电流检测系统的抗干扰设计

发动机复杂的工作环境必然对利用离子电流检测技术实现发动机的燃烧状况进行实时监测造成干扰.为此对整个离子电流检测系统进行了抗干扰优化设计.在一台SI-HCCI(spark ignition-homogeneous charge compression ignition)发动机上进行试验研究,试验结果表明,高压隔离模块很好地保护了采集系统;电容点火隔离方法可以减少信号中的背景干扰;电容检测法无法准确反映发动机的爆震现象;采用软件消除零点漂移的方法取得了很好的效果;采用了优化后的离子电流检测系统,HCCI离子电流的信噪比显著提高.     

盲源分离法在火花塞离子电流信号分离中的应用

针对发动机燃烧过程在线监测中,以火花塞作为传感器测量并分析离子电流信号时,测得的离子电流信号易受到火花点火干扰的问题,将基于独立分量分析的盲源分离方法应用于实测火花塞电流信号的分离.采用盲源分离法对实测火花塞离子电流信号进行分析,能够很好地抽取出无火花尾干扰的离子电流信号和点火火花尾信号,其离子电流在上止点附近和压力峰值附近分别出现明显的火焰前锋区和焰后区两个峰值.对同一转速、不同废气再循环(EGR)率的实测离子电流信号进行了盲源分离,结果表明:随着EGR率的增大,离子电流的两个峰值均会减小,且峰值出现的时刻均有所推迟,同时点火火花尾对离子电流信号的干扰也会增强.     

采用离子电流法与机体振动法检测爆震的比较

在试验中,采用离子电流法和机体振动法同时检测发动机的爆震,采用双通道示波器同时记录离子电流法和机体振动法检测到的信号,并通过波形对比和快速傅里叶变换对信号进行分析和比较。结果表明：2种方法均可以准确实现爆震测量;相对于机体振动法而言,离子电流法具有安装方便、信噪比高、信号处理简单、测量准确、成本低廉等优点,是一种具有应用潜力的新技术。     

偏置电压对离子电流信号影响的试验研究

研究了在用火花塞作传感器直接测量发动机缸内燃烧状态时检测占所加的偏置电压对检测信号的影响,提出可获得所需离子电流信号的适当的偏置电压为200－600V,研究中发现：当偏置电压不同时,不仅离子电流的幅值和持续时间不同,而且其波形也有较大差异,在燃烧过程中会出现单峰,双峰和三峰现象,当偏置电压增至5KV时,驻燃烧过程中有离子电流信号,而且在进,排气冲程中,离子电流信号也异常突出,给出了不同偏置电压下离子电流的波形特征,获得了较为理想的离子电流信号的曲线,为用火花塞作为检测传感器实现汽油机缸内燃烧信号的检测奠定了试验研究基础。     

离子电流法在不正常点火中的实验模拟

在定容燃烧弹上,利用离子电流法,通过测量燃烧过程中的离子电流信号,对不正常点火进行了检测,即通过调整两对点火电极之间的间隙和点火时间,来模拟发动机火花塞和排气门附近的早火和后火等不正常点火情况。结果发现:不正常点火时,离子电流波形在形状及幅值上与正常点火时存在较大的差异,即火花塞电极附近发生早火时,离子电流波形在主点火信号之前出现了离子电流;排气门附近发生早火或后火时,离子电流波形出现了2个峰值,该离子电流第1峰值大于正常点火时的第1峰值,第2峰值小于正常点火时的第2峰值。该结果可为发动机不正常点火检测提供依据,且方法简单、易行。     

采用离子电流法的甲醇发动机失火诊断

在一台由四缸柴油机改装而成的甲醇发动机上,采用以火花塞作为传感器的离子电流测量法在线获得了发动机正常燃烧和3种典型失火工况时的离子电流信号,分析了它们之间的异同,给出了3种典型失火工况的离子电流信号特征值,并利用离子电流的焰后区峰值幅值及峰值位置量化了试验用甲醇发动机发生失火的判定依据。结果表明:当发动机正常燃烧时,离子电流曲线只含有前锋区和焰后区;当火焰不能连续传播而引起失火时,离子电流信号在上止点附近出现若干尖峰;当断油引起失火时,离子电流只出现点火信号;当缓慢燃烧引起失火时,离子电流波形分别在前锋区和焰后区出现峰值。该结果可为离子电流法在点燃式甲醇发动机中的应用提供理论依据。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.