由间二氯苯合成2,4—二氟苯胺

以间二氯苯为原料，经硝化，氟代及还原反应合成２，４－二氟苯胺。探索了各步反应的工艺条件，对提高收率难度较大的氟供的反应，研究了使用季铵盐类相转移催化剂时原料 配比，反应温度及时间收率之间的关系，并得到了较好的结果。     

对氟苯肼的合成研究

本文报道了以对氟苯胺为原料，经重氮化，还原，酸析，中和等反应合成对氟苯肼，考察了各种影响反应的因素，优化了实验条件，收率比文献提高１０％以上。     

间二氟苯的合成研究

提出了一种以间二氯苯为原料,经硝化,氟代,氯化和脱氯反应合成间二氟苯的新工艺路线,探索了各步反应的工艺条件,对其中的关键步骤氟化反应,使用相转移催化剂取得较好的效果,反应收率可达68％左右,用离子交换法制备Pd/C催化剂,脱氯活性更高,实验表明,该合成路线具有原料成本低,反应条件缓和,操作方便等优点。     

3-氟-4-甲苯腈的合成

以邻甲基苯胺为原料，经硝化、重氮化、氟化、还原、氧化等反应，成功合成了3-氟-4-甲基苯腈。检索文献国内、国外尚无报道。此工艺路线易控制，收率可达48％，产品纯度高。此产品的研究对于新型农药的开发与生产具有现实的、重要的指导意义。     

4-正戊基-4''-氰基三联苯的合成研究

以三联苯为原料，经Friedel-Crafts反应（收率80％），还原反应（收率60％），碘代反应（收率55％）、氰化反应（收率60％），制得4－正戊基－4'-氰基三联苯。与以前的合成方法相比，在还原反应温度上做了较大的改变，在最终产物提纯方面进行了优化，减少了合成步骤，操作简单，提纯方便，提高了收率。     

洛美利嗪的合成

以氟苯为原料经弗－克反应得二氟二苯甲酮，再经还原，溴代及派嗪缩合得二氟二苯甲基哌嗪，以连苯三酚为原料经甲基化得2，3，4－三甲氧基苯基氯甲烷，再与二氟二苯甲本哌嗪缩合并成盐酸盐得洛美利嗪，总收率为24．9％（以氟苯计）。     

3,5-双三氟甲基苯甲酰氯的合成

介绍了以间双三氟甲基苯为起始原料合成3,5-双三氟甲基苯甲酰氯的方法。该合成路线经溴代、羧基化和酰化等三步反应,以61.7%的总收率得到目的物。讨论了浓硫酸用量、反应温度对溴代反应的影响,酰化温度、二甲亚砜用量对3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯甲酰氯收率的影响;得到了合成3,5-双三氟甲基苯甲酰氯的适宜条件。结果表明,该法工艺路线简单,是经济价值较高的合成路线。     

2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺的合成

以对甲氧基苯胺为原料,经乙酰化、硝化、还原反应合成2-硝基-4-甲氧基苯胺,收率71％,文献值为65％．该合成路线具有原料易得、价格适中、反应条件温和及对环境污染小等优点,比较适合工业化生产．     

2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺及其Schiff碱的合成与表征

以对氯三氟甲苯为原料,经硝化反应和金属还原,合成了2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺;再将2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺与不同的芳香醛反应,合成了2-氯-5-三氟甲基苯胺Schiff碱,产率达到68%~85%,对合成Schiff碱的结构进行了红外光谱、紫外光谱、核磁共振、质谱表征.     

苯并咪唑-5,6-二羧酸的合成

设计了苯并咪唑－5，6－二羧酸的新合成路线；解决了已有方法中的原料来源少，价格高，且含有微量重金属离子等问题；实现了苯并咪唑－5，6－二羧酸由常用原料、普通试剂和通用方法的简便合成，得到了可满足医药工业要求的产品。该路线以苯酐为起始原料，经氨解、硝化、还原、重氮化氯代、硝化、氨解、还原、环合、水解九步，得到苯并咪唑－5，6－二羧酸，总收率达9．7％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.