地基微波辐射计反演温/湿度廓线的BP神经网络训练方案对比

为提高地基微波辐射计反演大气温/湿度廓线的精度,提出了一种直接利用高垂直分辨率探空资料与地基微波辐射计观测亮温训练反演温/湿度廓线BP神经网络方案.基于地基微波辐射计的观测特点,提出了一种基于微波辐射计地面观测资料和探空资料的观测亮温综合质量控制方案,利用质量控制后的观测亮温训练BP神经网络(OBS-BP),并与基于MonoRTM辐射传输模式模拟亮温训练BP神经网络(SIM-BP)的方法进行了对比.结果表明, OBS-BP反演温度廓线的均方根误差随高度逐渐增大,范围为0.62～2.81 K,偏差范围为-0.67～0.43 K,相关系数随高度的升高逐渐减小,变化范围为0.92～0.99;相对湿度廓线的均方根误差在0～4.75 km随高度升高而增大,在4.75 km以上随高度升高而减小,范围为8.21%～24.37%,偏差范围为-3.87%～4.54%,相关系数随高度升高逐渐减小,变化范围为0.13～0.94.将OBS-BP和SIM-BP反演高时间频次的温/湿度廓线的效果进行了对比,得出OBS-BP的反演结果能更好地反映对流层内大气温/湿度演变过程,相对于利用SIM-BP的反演结果, OBS-BP反演温/湿廓线在各个高度层上均优于SIM-BP,与探空资料具有更好的一致性,更适用于实际观测中地基微波辐射计温/湿度廓线的反演.     

微波辐射计探测滨海新区大气温湿参数垂直分布

对大气中水汽含量和云中液态水含量及其降水特性的测量研究至关重要。目前,针对液态云水路径和可降水量的直接观测较少。利用MP_3000A微波辐射计探测滨海新区大气重要参数垂直分布情况,可以连续得到从地面到10km高度上高分辨率的温度、相对湿度和水汽廓线以及较低分辨率的液态水廓线。     

用AMSU资料反演西北太平洋海域大气湿度廓线的研究

采用快速辐射传输模式RTTOV对AMSU所有通道进行水汽廓线的敏感性分析, 并根据模式计算结果逐步剔除相关性小的预报通道, 建立两种水汽廓线反演的统计回归模型;之后利用2006年7月NOAA-16卫星AMSU亮温资料, 计算不同算法下的反演系数矩阵, 回归得出大气水汽廓线。反演廓线经与NCEP 廓线比较, 得到0600UTC 和1800UTC 比湿反演的各层偏差(RMS)分别在1.4g/kg 及1.7g/kg 以内。个例分析发现, 反演廓线与NCEP廓线趋势一致; 反演比湿场可定位台风云区及水汽供应输送带, 具有一定的揭示台风结构的能力。     

日全食对地基GPS和微波辐射计气象观测影响分析

利用2009年7月22日日全食前后地基GPS/MET水汽监测和微波辐射计观测的资料,分析日全食对温度、相对湿度、液态水含量、水汽密度廓线、地面温度、气压、水汽总量、液态水总量、云底高度、以及GPS探测的大气可降水汽总量等气象观测量的影响.同一站点日全食发生前后资料对比、以及位于日全食带和非全食带不同站点的同时资料对比分析显示:在两种设备的气象观测中,日食最为直接影响的是200 m以下近地层的温度和相对湿度,并对1 000 m以下区间温度和相对湿度形成明显的扰动;对于气压、水汽和液态水总量的影响较弱,对云底高度的影响不明显.     

支持向量机方法反演温湿廓线

为提高温湿廓线反演效率,提出了一种基于支持向量机(SVM)反演大气温湿廓线的方法。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMW F)的RTTOV-8-7前向辐射传输模式和60L-SD廓线集生成了AM SU模拟亮温资料,对模拟亮温资料进行温湿廓线反演试验。试验发现:相对于多元统计回归反演方法,地面至10 hPa层次温度反演平均均方根误差减少了11.5%,温度反演误差分布与权重函数峰值能量高度层分布的密集区域基本一致;水汽反演优于统计反演方法较多,在地面,SVM水汽反演误差减少了39.9%。反演实验说明,SVM可以较好地描写温湿廓线反演中非线性映射关系。分别比较模拟亮温中加入1、2、3倍噪声的情况,发现该方法反演温湿廓线均具有较好的抗噪声作用。     

利用CrIS红外高光谱卫星数据反演大气温湿度廓线的研究

大气温湿度廓线信息是数值天气预报和气候变化评估等科学研究必不可少的基础数据,利用高光谱卫星数据准确定量地反演高精度的大气温湿度廓线,对提高天气预报和气候预测能力具有重要意义.本文利用搭载在Suomi-NPP(National Polar-orbiting Partnership)卫星上的新一代跨轨红外探测器CrIS(Cross-track Infrared Sounder)的高光谱红外辐射资料,联合欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的温湿度廓线再分析资料,利用D-R(Dual-Regression)双回归反演算法进行了大气温湿度廓线的反演研究.并利用上海宝山站点2014-2016年6-9月的实测的大气温湿度廓线探空数据和美国国家海洋与大气管理局NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)官方算法NUCAPS(NOAA Unique Combined Atmospheric Processing System)提供的大气温湿度产品进行了对比与验证.结果表明:基于ECMWF的大气温湿度再分析数据作为背景场的D-R算法反演得到的大气温度廓线的总体BIAS基本保持在±1 K以内,RMSE(root mean square error)在2 K以内,与NUCAPS算法的反演精度相当;在低层,D-R算法的反演精度仍保持在2 K以内,要优于NUCAPS算法(RMSE指标).相对湿度在高度300 hPa以下时与NUCAPS算法反演的精度相当,其RMSE基本在20%以内,BIAS基本在±10%以内,反演结果较好且稳定;但在高于300 hPa时,D-R算法反演的误差明显增大到30%,精度降低.     

大气对星载盐度计辐射传输特性及盐度反演的影响研究

利用MPM93模型, 根据微波辐射传输方程, 仿真不同天气情况下的L波段大气辐射参数及盐度计观测亮温, 并用最大似然估计法反演海表盐度, 研究不同天气情况对海表盐度反演值的影响。仿真结果表明: 考虑了悬浮液滴影响的云、雾及霾情形的大气辐射参数与晴空时差别不大, 可以忽略天气的影响。然而, 降雨对大气辐射参数的影响不可忽略, 并且随着降雨率的增加, 盐度反演误差明显增大。在降雨率不变的情况下, 盐度反演误差随着海表温度增加而减小, 在盐度低值时误差较小。盐度反演误差随海表气温的升高呈现先变大后变小的趋势, 受海面风速、海面气压以及海面水汽密度的影响极小。     

基于微波辐射计的大气温湿廓线遥感探测

利用2010年1-6月甘肃省榆中站(52983)逐日的探空资料和兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)的地基微波辐射计反演资料,对榆中所在的半干旱地区大气的温度和相对湿度的垂直分布特征进行了分析.通过对比探空资料,讨论了微波辐射计的探测性能和反演效果,并对2013年1-3月微波辐射计反演的温度进行了偏差订正.结果表明微波辐射计反演资料与探空资料反映的温湿垂直分布趋势基本一致,温度的拟合效果优于相对湿度.近地层反演效果较好,温度的相关系数大于0.90,相对湿度的相关系数大于0.80,均通过了显著性水平为0.01的相关性检验.距地2~7km之间,微波辐射计反演的温度小于探空观测值,相对湿度大于探空观测值.温度订正效果显著,但仍存在一定的偏差.     

对流层风廓线雷达资料质量分析

为了检验对流层风廓线雷达观测数据的准确性,利用2014年6-7月咸宁的对流层风廓线雷达和GPS移动探空资料,以GPS探空观测值为参考,对对流层风廓线雷达的观测质量进行对比分析,定义两者风向偏差在15°以内或风速偏差在3m/s以下的样本为有效样本,通过比较有效样本占总样本数的比值来判断风向和风速数据的质量。结果表明:降水量对风场影响不明显,风速和风向有效样本数的变化不同,比较时段内,风向数据的质量优于风速,降水提高了风向数据的质量;1~10km高度,风向数据的质量较好,而降水将提高该数据的质量;8km高度以下,风速数据的质量较好,降水对该数据的质量起反效果。总体来说,除近地层(1km以下)外,风速值越大,风向数据的质量越好,降水对高层风向数据的质量有正贡献。     

静止卫星云图的云位置偏差及其几何校正

利用静止气象卫星云图红外亮温数据和大气的温度层结曲线计算云顶高度。根据几何关系推导出观测云与真云位置偏差的计算公式, 得到中国大陆地区对流云的观测偏差一般为5~20 km的结论。通过观测云经纬度和云顶高度计算真云经纬度, 在此基础上进行了卫星云图几何校正实验, 得到误差不超过2 km的云图校正结果。通过校正前后云图与雷达图的对比, 验证了校正方法的有效性。最后, 分析了云顶高度估算误差所造成的云图校正误差。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.