扩缩通道内流动和换热非线性特性的数值模拟

对扩缩通道内流动与换热进行了数值模拟并探讨了其中的非线性特性.通过对不同突扩比ER、不同长宽比AR及不同雷诺数Re下通道内流场和温度场进行分析,给出在一定工况下对称通道内流体的流动和换热会出现偏斜等非线性现象的情况.数值模拟结果表明,存在临界雷诺数Rec使流体流动和换热形态发生转变,当Re超过Rec时,流体流动和换热不仅有对称解,还有非对称解;当Re继续增大时,流体流动和换热出现振荡.通道的几何尺寸及后缩段(表现为ER及AR)都对Rec产生影响.分析结果表明,当Re超过临界雷诺数Rec时,同一截面处上下壁面的局部努塞尔数Nu也由对称向非对称转变,上下壁面出现最大局部Nu的位置也不同.     

液封厚度对双向温差下环形双液层内热毛细对流的影响

液封厚度对液封系统内的热毛细对流有着重要的影响,但已有的大多数研究集中于单向温差下流体在液封系统中的流动.文中采用数值模拟方法研究了液封厚度对双向温差下环形双液层内热毛细对流的影响.模拟过程中,液池底部施加线性温度梯度,自由表面考虑对流换热,厚度比H_r取0.1~0.9,热毛细雷诺数Re取0~1.5×10~6,液池深宽比Γ取0.1、0.2、0.3.结果表明:Re较小时流动为稳态,热毛细对流强度随H_r增大而减弱;当Re不断增大至超过一定值时,流体的流动转变为振荡的多胞流动,流体振荡振幅和流动强度随H_r增大而减小;流动转变的临界值不随H_r单调变化,H_r=0.5~0.7可以使得不同Γ下的临界Re最大,此时流动稳定性最好.     

水平管降膜管间流态的数值模拟

目的研究水平管外液膜流动状态的转变规律,模拟分析流量、管径、管间距等对管间流态的影响和液体对管壁的润湿程度.方法建立水平管降膜流态数学模型,通过fluent软件进行模拟计算,分析水平管间溴化锂溶液流态转变过程.结果溴化锂溶液比水具有更好的布膜效果和稳定性.当水平管临界值Re≤34时,管间流态为滴状;34Re≤122时,管间流态为柱状;当122Re≤219时,管间流态为帘状.流动区时间t=0.02 s为自由下落区、t=0.04 s为冲击区、t=0.05 s为发展区、t=0.08s为充分发展区、t=0.1 s为尾流区,圆管的顶部区域会出现压力的最大值,而速度的最大区域出现在圆管的下半部分的充分发展区.管径为14 mm的圆管完全润湿的最小流量为0.01 L/s.结论随着管间距或管径的增加,管间流态向上一级流态转换.管间距增加,流态为滴状时无明显变化,流态为柱状时两管之间流体变细,流态为帘状时不能形成稳定连续流体,随着流量的增大,形状的变化越明显.其结果可为蒸发器、冷凝器、除湿器等热质交换设备的设计和性能研究提供理论指导.     

空气在三角形波纹通道内湍流流动与换热的数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,对流动与换热进入周期性充分发展段等壁温边界条件下三角形波纹通道内流体的流动与换热进行二维数值模拟分析,计算考察了雷诺数Re、间距比ε及波纹纵横比γ对流动与换热性能的影响。结果表明:Re数及波纹纵横比γ较小时,不会出现回流;在计算的Re范围内,随着Re的增加,平均努塞尔数Nu呈递增趋势,摩擦阻力系数f呈下降趋势;并拟合出通道不同几何因子下阻力系数f及表面换热特性数Nu随Re变化的关联式。通过对性能参数j/f的分析得出,采用小间距比ε或者小波纹纵横比γ均可以提高换热性能。     

横掠管束非稳态周期性充分发挥流动的数值模拟

以锅炉省煤器中的流动和换热为应用背景,分别采用稳态和非稳态的数学模型对横掠管束的周期性充分发展流动进行了数值模拟,结果表明,在Re大于150到小于1000的范围内,横掠管束的周期性充分发展流动问题是非稳态的,当采用稳态模型时,数值计算结果会随迭代次数的增加而振荡,得不到收敛的稳态解,当采用非稳态模型计算时,对节距较小的情况,在管的后缘处得到对称的非稳态涡;对节距较大的情况,在管的后缘处得到周期性脱落的非对称涡。     

两种不同通道内周期性充分发展流动换热的模拟研究

周期性直肋通道是从不同型式的高效换热器中抽象出来的通道模型,采用非稳态数学模型,应用周期性充分发展的假设模拟了周期性矩形直肋通道(A)和半圆形直肋通道(B)内的流动换热情况,并对两种通道的换热特性及其所表现出来的非线性特性进行了对比.计算时采用低雷诺数Re、二维、层流强制对流模型.结果表明,当Re较小时,流动与换热处于稳态;当Re大于某一临界值时,流动与换热发生了非稳态振荡,系统均表现出丰富的非线性现象.在计算范围内,A通道随着Re的增大经历了稳态与周期性振荡阶段;B通道则先后经历了稳态、周期性振荡、拟周期振荡以及混沌状态.     

入口射流角度对通风方腔内流动的影响

用数值方法探讨了入口射流角度对顶部对称送风方式的方腔内流动的影响.计算的物理模型为固定宽高比为1,进风角度θ分别取20°,45°,70°,90°,110°,135°及160°.计算结果表明,不同的射流角度对通风方腔内流动的影响是明显的.随进风角度的变化,在不同的控制参数下,方程的解呈现多样的、不稳定的非线性特征,可归结为定常解(稳态解)、周期性振荡解、非周期性振荡解.在选定的计算参数下,当进风角度的变化范围在20°≤θ≤160°时,考虑纯强制对流,θ为135°的流场最先失稳振荡;考虑自然对流的作用,θ为70°的流场最易失稳振荡.     

过冷却器结冰影响机制的实验研究

从经典形核理论入手分析了过冷却器结冰的影响因素.在此基础上,搭建了过冷法制备冰浆实验台,通过大量实验对过冷水在过冷却器内结冰过程展开研究,结合边界层理论初步探究了流动与换热过程对过冷却器结冰的影响机制.实验结果表明:过冷水形核过程受换热壁面温度与流体扰动的共同影响;当雷诺数Re较小或二次冷媒温度较低时的形核主要受换热壁温影响;当Re数较大时的形核主要受到流体扰动的影响.     

过冷却器结冰影响机制的实验

从经典形核理论入手分析了过冷却器结冰的影响因素.在此基础上,搭建了过冷法制备冰浆实验台,通过大量实验对过冷水在过冷却器内结冰过程展开研究,结合边界层理论初步探究了流动与换热过程对过冷却器结冰的影响机制.实验结果表明:过冷水形核过程受换热壁面温度与流体扰动的共同影响;当雷诺数Re较小或二次冷媒温度较低时的形核主要受换热壁温影响;当Re数较大时的形核主要受到流体扰动的影响.     

波纹通道形状对流动与换热影响的数值研究

应用数值方法,研究了流体在结构对称的正弦形、三角形、椭圆形、圆弧切线形及阶梯形通道内周期性充分发展的层流流动与换热特性,分析了恒壁温、常物性条件下通道表面形状,以及雷诺数RP对流动与换热性能的影响;并对不同通道的摩擦阻力系数f、表征换热特征的努谢尔特数Nu以及综合性能参数G分别进行了比较.结果表明:阶梯形通道内流体流动的f最大,正弦形通道的次之,椭圆形通道的f随Re的变化规律与其他通道的不尽相同;不同结构通道表面Nu的相对大小与Re的范围相关,Re>150后,阶梯形通道的换热能力最强,椭圆的最弱;三角形通道的综合性能最佳,椭圆形通道的最差,除阶梯形通道外,小Re时通道的综合性能优于大Re时的性能.本研究成果为换热器设计提供理论依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.