过氧化氢改善柴油机燃烧试验研究

采用过氧化氧组液参与柴油机燃烧,可以改善柴油机燃烧过程,使油耗与排放同时降低．从实用角度设计并开发了一种过氧化氢组液供给系统,并在135柴油机单缸机上进行了试验研究．试验结果表明过氧化氢组液消耗量与雾化空气流量成正比,同时受环境温度及湿度的影响;过氧化氧组液改善内燃机燃烧的效果显著;比油耗降低9．5％、碳烟烟度降低ZO％、NOx排放降低3．6％．     

新一代MTU4000系列柴油机工作原理研究

正MTU4000系列柴油机是德国MTU公司在上世纪九十年代研发的,符合船舶行业IMOⅡ排放标准的新一代柴油机,使用了共轨式喷射系统取代传统的喷油泵。MTU4000系列柴油机运用了柴油机燃烧技术的新技术,克服了传统喷射系统的约束,充分利用共轨式(COMMON RAIL)喷射系统的优点,改善柴油的燃烧效率,降低了有害物质的排放,是新一代的大功率高速柴油机。     

某船用柴油机匹配STC系统性能计算分析

基于某船用柴油机性能测试台架,利用GT-Power软件建立TBD234V6型柴油机常规增压和STC(相继增压)系统整机模型模拟计算,研究了不同工况下的燃烧和排放等性能参数。结果表明:该机在推进特性工况下,STC系统对柴油机在低负荷时的性能有明显改善,其中包括,爆压和增压压力显著提高;油耗和涡前排温明显降低;与原机相比,缸内NOx浓度也明显下降。为其他船用柴油机采用相继增压系统提供了借鉴     

提高喷射压力改善柴油机性能

柱塞直径、凸轮升程、供油系统内的高压容积及启喷压力等供油系统参数对喷油系统的喷射压力有明显影响。提高喷射压力能有效降低ＣＯ、ＨＣ排放，烟度和油耗也有所下降，但ＮＯｘ的排放量在大负荷时明显上升，噪声明显加大。利用国产直列泵建立了适合１３０系列柴油机的高压喷射系统。     

排气再循环与燃烧边界条件耦合对增压汽油机有效热效率的影响

在一台小型增压进气道喷射汽油机上开展了排气再循环技术与关键燃烧边界协同性对发动机燃油经济性和燃烧循环波动影响的试验研究。结果表明:增压技术、排气再循环技术和压缩比协同控制较为重要,协同性明显影响燃油经济性和燃烧循环波动;转速为2 000r/min、负荷为0.2~0.4 MPa时排气再循环对燃油经济性改善不明显;转速为1 500~2 500r/min、负荷为0.6~1.0MPa时排气再循环率对汽油机燃油经济性改善明显,燃油消耗率降幅为2%~7%;考虑高能点火系统本身能耗,转速为2 000r/min、负荷为0.2~1.0MPa时多重火花电容放电的高能点火系统对燃油经济性改善不明显,但循环波动得到了改善;对于上市整车匹配1.6L进气道喷射汽油机,采取集增压技术、排气再循环技术、高滚流进气道和1.3L排量措施后的进气道喷射汽油机的整车循环油耗降低了8.86%,整车具备达到相应油耗水平的潜力。     

用直喷式油膜-雾化燃烧改善柴油机性能

Ｅ１５０Ｃ系列二冲程回流扫气预燃室式柴油机改为直接喷射．采用Ｘ４型ω燃 烧室，运用油膜－雾化燃烧理沦，在实机上进行了大量试验．结果表明油耗率大幅 度下降，机械负荷小，排温低，烟度清淡．冷车起动方便。应用重迭法和高速摄 影的火焰伯照研究说明， 这种燃烧方式加速了主燃烧期，缩短了燃烧持续期。     

船用中速机中压共轨电控燃油喷射系统

为提高船用中速机燃油喷射系统性能,减少有害物排放,研制开发一种柴油机中压共轨液力增压式电控燃油喷射系统.以润滑油作为工作介质对燃油进行增压和喷射,无需增加其他增压机构和更换喷油器,结构简单.设计了系统的硬件和软件,并在油泵试验台架上对该系统进行性能试验.结果表明:系统的响应速度快,控制精度高;喷油量、喷油压力和喷油正时控制灵活,调节范围大.系统的工作性能和技术指标可满足船用中速柴油机对电控系统的要求.     

缸内直喷式汽油机燃用化学计量比混合气的试验

将一台TY1100柴油机改装为缸内直接喷射汽油机，当发动机运行在不同负荷工况下，采用不同的混和气浓度分布，实现了部分负荷采用分层燃烧以获得发动机的经济性，全负荷采用化学计量比混合气，实现了均质预混和燃烧以获得发动机的动力性．台架试验表明，燃油消耗量能降低6％，UBHC排放能降低31％，NOx排放能降低10％．     

我国单机功率最大的内燃机车问世

新型内燃机车的动力装置是大连机车车辆厂与美国西南研究院联合开发的采用电子喷射技术的 1 2Ｖ2 80ＺＪ型大功率柴油机 ,它是该厂在原 2 4 0系列柴油机基础上开发出的新柴油机系列 ( 2 80系列 )。该厂完成了 2 80柴油机的组装试制 ,并顺利通过 1 0 0ｈ耐久可靠性试验。它具有高强化度的突出特点 ,因而单缸装车功率比国内同类产品提高 33.4% .特别是由于采用了燃油电子喷射技术 ,使燃烧状况得到优化 ,从根本上解决了内燃机车存在的低转速游车及飞车现象 ,且进一步降低了油耗 ,改善了废气排放状况 ,具有积极的环保意义。这种大功率新型内燃机…     

电动复合增压对柴油机高海拔性能的影响

受高原环境影响,柴油机燃烧恶化,造成功率降低、油耗增高、有害排放物增多。采用废气涡轮增压能够一定程度改善上述问题,但也存在涡轮响应滞后、超速、喘振、增压效率随着海拔高度的增加而降低等不足。为有效解决上述问题,通过增加一级电动增压器的方法来改善柴油发电机组的高原环境适应性,利用GT-SUITE软件分别构建了某型发电用废气涡轮增压柴油机和电动复合增压的数值仿真模型,分析了电动复合增压技术对发电用柴油机高海拔性能的影响。结果表明,电动复合增压不仅能有效恢复柴油机输出功率和扭矩,海拔5 000 m时,输出功率和扭矩分别提升了57%和92%,还可以有效降低燃油消耗率,海拔4 500 m时的效果最好,减少了原机81%的油耗率。同时,对减少尾气中CO、HC化合物的排放也有一定效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-