PPARα活化增加肿瘤细胞对EGCG的敏感性的机制

 研究探索EGCG是否调节PPARα以及PPARα活化对EGCG的肿瘤抑制作用影响及其机制。首先利用CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞存活率,之后分别采用western blotting和real-time PCR检测蛋白质和mRNA表达水平;采用PPARα的特异性激动剂和特异性拮抗剂来改变PPARα的表达;应用荧光素酶报告基因系统及染色质免疫共沉淀研究PPARα对HO-1的调控。结果表明,随着EGCG浓度的增加,PANC1和A2780细胞的存活率逐渐下降。当EGCG处理肿瘤细胞后,PPARα蛋白水平会随着EGCG剂量的提高而增加。PPARα的特异性激动剂—氯贝特(clofibrate)能增加胰腺癌PANC1和卵巢癌A2780细胞对EGCG的敏感性,其机制是氯贝特能够抑制细胞保护性血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的诱导。荧光素酶报告基因实验和染色质免疫共沉淀实验(ChIP)表明,活化的PPARα能结合到HO-1启动子上的PPAR结合元件(PPRE)上并抑制HO-1的表达。研究表明,PPARα的活化能在转录水平对HO-1进行负调控,同时增加肿瘤细胞对EGCG的敏感性。     

参附注射液对内毒素休克大鼠肺组织表达PPARγ和TNFα的干预作用

摘要:目的 观察内毒素休克大鼠肺组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)的表达情况及参附注射液的干预作用。方法 经腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)建立内毒素休克SD大鼠模型,用低、中、高剂量参附注射液进行治疗,观察肺组织病L改变,检测肺组织中PPARγ和TNFα的表达量,同时检测血浆中TNFα和IL-1β的水平。结果 模型组大鼠具有典型的急性肺损伤表现;肺组织中PPARγ的转录和表达(P<0.01)量均显著下调,TNFα的表达明显增加(P<0.01);血浆中TNFα和IL-1β水平明显上升(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,参附注射液改善肺组织充血、水肿及炎性细胞浸润;呈剂量依赖性上调肺组织中PPARγ的转录和表达,下调TNFα的表达;同时抑制血浆中炎症介质TNFα和IL-1β水平(P<0.01)。结论 参附注射液保护内毒素休克大鼠肺组织,其作用机制可能与上调PPARγ从而抑制炎症介质的产生有关。     

mTORC1 in the Paneth cell niche couples intestinal stem-cell function to calorie intake

How adult tissue stem and niche cells respond to the nutritional state of an organism is not well understood. Here we find that Paneth cells, a key constituent of the mammalian intestinal stem-cell (ISC) niche, augment stem-cell function in response to calorie restriction. Calorie restriction acts by reducing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling in Paneth cells, and the ISC-enhancing effects of calorie restriction can be mimicked by rapamycin. Calorie intake regulates mTORC1 in Paneth cells, but not ISCs, and forced activation of mTORC1 in Paneth cells during calorie restriction abolishes the ISC-augmenting effects of the niche. Finally, increased expression of bone stromal antigen 1 (Bst1) in Paneth cells—an ectoenzyme that produces the paracrine factor cyclic ADP ribose—mediates the effects of calorie restriction and rapamycin on ISC function. Our findings establish that mTORC1 non-cell-autonomously regulates stem-cell self-renewal, and highlight a significant role of the mammalian intestinal niche in coupling stem-cell function to organismal physiology.     

Chemical structure and biological activity of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer-inducing pheromone

Pheromones are cell type-specific signals used for communication between individuals of the same species. When faced with overcrowding or starvation, Caenorhabditis elegans secrete the pheromone daumone, which facilitates communication between individuals for adaptation to adverse environmental stimuli. Daumone signals C. elegans to enter the dauer stage, an enduring and non-ageing stage of the nematode life cycle with distinctive adaptive features and extended life. Because daumone is a key regulator of chemosensory processes in development and ageing, the chemical identification of daumone is important for elucidating features of the daumone-mediated signalling pathway. Here we report the isolation of natural daumone from C. elegans by large-scale purification, as well as the total chemical synthesis of daumone. We present the stereospecific chemical structure of purified daumone, a fatty acid derivative. We demonstrate that both natural and chemically synthesized daumones equally induce dauer larva formation in C. elegans (N2 strain) and certain dauer mutants, and also result in competition between food and daumone. These results should help to elucidate the daumone-mediated signalling pathway, which might in turn influence ageing and obesity research and the development of antinematodal drugs.     

Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma

Calorie restriction extends lifespan in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. In yeast, the SIR2 gene mediates the life-extending effects of calorie restriction. Here we show that the mammalian SIR2 orthologue, Sirt1 (sirtuin 1), activates a critical component of calorie restriction in mammals; that is, fat mobilization in white adipocytes. Upon food withdrawal Sirt1 protein binds to and represses genes controlled by the fat regulator PPAR-gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma), including genes mediating fat storage. Sirt1 represses PPAR-gamma by docking with its cofactors NCoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) and SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors). Mobilization of fatty acids from white adipocytes upon fasting is compromised in Sirt1+/- mice. Repression of PPAR-gamma by Sirt1 is also evident in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, where overexpression of Sirt1 attenuates adipogenesis, and RNA interference of Sirt1 enhances it. In differentiated fat cells, upregulation of Sirt1 triggers lipolysis and loss of fat. As a reduction in fat is sufficient to extend murine lifespan, our results provide a possible molecular pathway connecting calorie restriction to life extension in mammals.     

大鼠再生肝8种细胞的PPARγ信号通路相关基因转录谱预示脂类代谢活动

为了解大鼠肝再生中肝细胞、胆管上皮细胞、卵圆细胞、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞、树突状细胞等8种肝脏细胞的PPARγ信号通路相关基因转录谱及其预示的脂类代谢活动,按本卷2期张丽君[1]等方法分离大鼠再生肝8种细胞,检测它们的PPARγ信号通路基因表达谱,分析其预示的生理活动.结果表明,41个PPARγ信号通路相关基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义的表达变化,其中上调、下调和上/下调的基因为9、9、23个,呈现15种表达相关性.相应细胞的基因数为10、6和1,10、12和2,7、7和0,16、8和3,18、7和1,10、6和1,11、20和0,13、9和4.它们的转录谱预示,胆管上皮细胞和星形细胞的脂肪合成、星形细胞和树突状细胞的胆固醇代谢、8种肝脏细胞的脂肪酸运输和脂肪细胞分化、星形细胞、窦内皮细胞和树突状细胞的脂肪酸氧化和糖异生、胆管上皮细胞和树突状细胞的能量代谢增强.上述结果表明,PPARγ信号通路与大鼠肝再生密切相关.     

COX-2在MCD饮食诱导的脂肪性肝纤维化中的作用及与PPARα的关系

探讨了COX-2在胆碱蛋氨酸缺乏(MCD)诱导的脂肪性肝纤维化模型中的表达变化以及与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)的相互作用.雄性野生型小鼠(C57BL/6N)或PPARα-/-分别给予MCD饮食,MCD对照饮食8或9周.第1治疗组给予MCD饮食51 d后加用选择性PPARα激动剂匹立尼酸(Wy-14,643)5 d或12 d.第2治疗组给予MCD饮食7周后加用选择性COX-2抑制剂(塞来昔布)1或2周.COX-2在MCD饮食诱导的脂肪性肝纤维化模型中被大量诱导表达,选择性PPARα激动剂(Wy-14,643)的短期治疗显著降低COX-2表达和炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6以及重要致纤维化细胞因子TGF-β1 mRNA表达量.选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布的短期治疗可明显减少脂肪性肝纤维化野生型小鼠的脂肪病变和炎症反应,降低血清ALT水平,但是塞来昔布对PPARα-/-小鼠无效.因此,COX-2在脂肪性肝纤维化病理进程中有十分重要的作用.选择性激动剂PPARα显著下调COX-2表达,而选择性COX-2抑制剂通过对PPARα激活而改善脂肪性肝纤维化病变.     

A naturally occurring MTA1 variant sequesters oestrogen receptor-alpha in the cytoplasm

Oestrogen receptor (ER) is a good prognostic marker for the treatment of breast cancers. Upregulation of metastatic tumour antigen 1 (MTA1) is associated with the invasiveness and metastatic potential of several human cancers and acts as a co-repressor of nuclear ER-alpha. Here we identify a naturally occurring short form of MTA1 (MTA1s) that contains a previously unknown sequence of 33 amino acids with an ER-binding motif, Leu-Arg-Ile-Leu-Leu (LRILL). MTA1s localizes in the cytoplasm, sequesters ER in the cytoplasm, and enhances non-genomic responses of ER. Deleting the LRILL motif in MTA1s abolishes its co-repressor function and its interaction with ER, and restores nuclear localization of ER. Dysregulation of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 in breast cancer cells enhances the expression of MTA1s and the cytoplasmic sequestration of ER. Expression of MTA1s in breast cancer cells prevents ligand-induced nuclear translocation of ER and stimulates malignant phenotypes. MTA1s expression is increased in human breast tumours with no or low nuclear ER. The regulation of the cellular localization of ER by MTA1s represents a mechanism for redirecting nuclear receptor signalling by nuclear exclusion.