泥石流体屈服应力与黏土矿物关系的试验研究

泥石流体的屈服应力是泥石流体抗剪强度的一个重要指标,但到目前为止对泥石流体屈服应力和黏土矿物的关系研究还不完善。通过简易泥石流排导槽装置,选取蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石、高岭土4种常见的黏粒矿物为研究变量,以泥石流体屈服应力为研究目标,依次改变泥石流体中泥沙颗粒体积浓度、黏粒矿物成分及百分含量得出:(1)同等条件下,不同黏土成分对屈服应力的影响不同,蒙脱石影响最强,伊利石次之,绿泥石、高岭土最弱;(2)单一黏土矿物条件下,屈服应力与黏土矿物关系呈正向指数关系;(3)混合黏土矿物条件下,屈服应力与黏粒矿物的关系与单一黏土矿物条件下关系一致,但变化速率比单一黏土矿物小;(4)通过国内外学者资料验证本文泥石流屈服应力与黏土矿物的关系,具有一定的准确性和可用性。     

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床目的层粘土矿物特征及其意义

二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床是我国典型的古河谷砂岩型铀矿床,铀主要经潜水-层间氧化作用富集成矿。为了研究其粘土矿物组成、含量、形态特征及其产状,对区内目的层粘土矿物进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜及能谱分析。分析结果表明,二连盆地巴彦乌拉铀矿床目的层粘土矿物成分基本一致,主要为蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石,个别样品中见少量绿泥石。蒙脱石集合体呈花朵状、片状,高岭石集合体呈书页状、扇状,伊利石集合体呈片状,绿泥石集合体呈玫瑰花朵状。粘土矿物以分散质点式不完全充填于孔隙中和薄膜式贴附于颗粒表面。根据分析结果,文章总结了该矿床氧化带分带粘土矿物特征,并探讨了粘土矿物对砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率的影响及其与铀成矿的关系。     

胜北构造粘土矿物纵向分布及演变规律

为探求吐哈油田胜北构造粘土矿物纵向分布规律与井眼稳定性的关系,以台参２井为例系统分析了本构造泥页岩地层中高岭石、绿泥石、伊利石、蒙脱石和伊蒙混层矿物的分布及演变特征,测定了粘矿物中各种阳离子的可交换容量。     

纯粘土矿物甲烷吸附研究及吸附模型评价

粘土矿物在页岩储层无机矿物中占有重要的比例,其是页岩气吸附的重要场所。由于不同页岩储层成藏条件差异,粘土矿物相对含量有较大差异,因此也影响页岩气的吸附能力。以XRD,低压氮气吸附实验以及甲烷等温吸附实验为主要研究手段。XRD结果表明四种样品(伊利石,蒙脱石,绿泥石,高岭石)纯度较高,均大于94%。低压氮气吸附结果表明：蒙脱石以微孔与中孔为主,孔隙形态主要为四边都开口的平行板状、狭缝状等,含有墨水瓶状的孔;伊利石主要发育有中孔与大孔,绿泥石主要发育有微孔和大孔,高岭石主要发育有中孔和大孔,它们的孔隙形态同样都平行板状、狭缝状等为主;比表面积与孔隙体积的大小顺序为：高岭石>伊利石>蒙脱石>绿泥石,两者呈正相关。在61 ℃,压力为0~25 MPa条件下进行五组甲烷等温吸附试验,包括四组纯粘土矿物及一组由四种纯矿物等质量混合的矿物。纯粘土矿物甲烷吸附量大小顺序为：高岭石>伊利石>蒙脱石>绿泥石,粘土矿物的比表面积越大,其甲烷吸附量也越大。对等温吸附实验数据进行拟合发现：Langmuir, Toth以及Langmuir-Freundlich吸附模型对于不同矿物总体拟合效果都极好,对粘土矿物吸附模型精确选择具有一定意义。     

南黄海表层沉积物中粘土矿物分布及物源分析

以南黄海表层沉积物中粘土矿物的测试数据为基础,分析了研究区内4种粘土矿物(伊利石、高岭石、蒙皂石、绿泥石)的分布特征.研究表明:本区伊利石含量最高,蒙皂石或高岭石次之,绿泥石含量最低;粘土矿物的组合类型以伊利石-蒙皂石-高岭石-绿泥石型为主,伊利石-高岭石-蒙皂石-绿泥石型次之;南黄海粘土矿物主要是陆源成因,物质主要来源于黄河和长江的供给.     

干旱半干旱地区土壤矿物组成特征及其环境意义

对处于干旱、半干旱地区的甘肃省15个地点的灰钙土、栗钙土、黑垆土、灰褐土和黄绵土等不同类型土壤剖面进行了机械组成分析、矿物组成显微鉴定和粘土矿物X射线衍射分析.结果表明:土壤机械组成以粉砂为主,粘粒次之;栗钙土、灰钙土、黑钙土和灰褐土等于旱地区典型土壤中表层的粘粒质量分数相对较低,土壤原生矿物组成以石英为主,绿帘石等蚀变矿物质量分数较高,次生矿物含有较高的石膏和方解石等;粘土矿物主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石.土壤机械组成、矿物组成和粘土矿物组成表明:干旱、半干旱地区土壤为黄土母质,土壤形成条件为碱性环境、较弱的淋滤作用和干冷气候,近代强烈的风蚀作用(或沙尘暴)和大气污染对土壤有一定程度的改造.     

粘土矿物分析及其指示的气候意义 ——以毛乌素沙漠滴哨沟湾为例

以毛乌素沙漠东南缘萨拉乌苏河流域滴哨沟湾剖面DGS1层段为代表,对其粘土矿物组成进行分析.结果显示,DGS1层段粘土矿物以石英、钾长石、钠长石、伊利石、蒙脱石、方解石和绿泥石为主,各层位均不含高岭石.各种沉积相矿物组成基本一致,说明该地区的矿物来源基本一致.不同沉积相粘土矿物含量不尽相同,沙丘砂、次生黄土中的石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石等代表干、寒气候的粘土矿物含量高,湖沼相中的蒙脱石、方解石等代表暖湿气候的粘土矿物含量高,个别湖沼相层位出现了白云石.粘土矿物组分表现出萨拉乌苏河流域全新世气候特征:本地区全新世总体偏冷干,各沉积相缺失高岭石而均存在绿泥石可为证明;本地区全新世气候分为两个主要气候阶段,早期到中期堆积湖沼相为主的时期气候相对温暖湿润;中期以后到现在堆积次生黄土和沙丘砂的阶段气候相对寒冷干燥.     

姬塬地区长6油层组砂岩储层中粘土矿物分布规律研究

为研究区寻找优质储层,指导勘探开发部署提供指导。以鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬地区延长组长6油层组砂岩储层中粘土矿物为研究对象,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等方法对主要粘土矿物类型进行了研究;结合沉积环境,深入分析了粘土矿物的分布规律及控制因素;同时探讨了粘土矿物对储层物性的影响;从而研究表明,研究区储层中粘土矿物主要成份为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石和蒙/伊混合层,且具有质点微小、比表面积大等特征。其形成与分布主要受沉积与成岩两大作用控制。其中,绿泥石含量东北体系高于西北体系;在长石溶蚀作用影响下,高岭石含量西部高于东部;沉积水体影响下,伊利石含量由北向南逐渐增大。绿泥石、高岭石对储层孔隙具有建设性影响,而伊利石主要破坏原始孔隙。粘土矿物组成及含量明显控制着储层平面上孔渗分布,使得相对高孔高渗区主要分布在研究区东北部,是下步勘探开发的主要对象。     

桂林红粘土的物质组成及其工程地质性质特征

经差热、X衍射、扫描电镜鉴定和化学成分测试及近千组常规土工试验资料统计分析表明,物质成分上桂林红粘土主要由高岭石、伊利石、绿泥石等次生粘土矿物组成,并含有少量的蒙脱石、蛭石及混层矿物,铁铝氧化物高度富集,粘粒含量一般都在50%以上;工程地质性质上桂林红粘土具有天然含水量、孔隙比、液限及抗剪强度较高,容重、饱和度、比表面较大,压缩性、交换容量较低,透水性、崩解性较小及中-弱胀缩性等特点.     

山东省棕壤和褐土的粘土矿物

在四个棕壤剖面中,酸性棕壤与侧渗型白浆化棕壤粘土矿物组成相似,以铝绿泥石、铝蛭石和高岭石为主,并含有一定数量的水云母和少量蒙脱石。普通棕壤与滞水型白浆化棕壤相似,以水云母为主,并有较多量的高岭石和少量蛭石、绿泥石和蒙脱石。褐土的水云母含量为50—60%,由于富含或残存一定量的石灰,脱钾作用不强,限制了水云母向蛭石的转化,因此蛭石含量极少或无,蒙脱石含量也不多,因此不能认为蛭石和蒙脱石是褐土的特征矿物。棕壤和褐土是山东省的主要地带性土壤。对于这两个土类的发生分类、形成环境和分布规律的研究,国内已有不少报道,其中也有一些粘土矿物方面的资料,但多半是其他省份的研究工作,本省的研究资料不多。棕壤和褐土的粘土矿物研究仅只有东北、华北、西北地区的几篇论文,我省尚无报道。为了比较不同地区棕壤和褐土的粘土矿物组成,研究其形成演变的特点,从而为棕壤和褐土的发生分类提供较为确切的粘土矿物分析资料,本文通过山东省不同母质发育的4个棕壤、3个褐土典型剖面的粘粒化学分析、阳离子交换量的测定和X 射线衍射分析等三种方法,研究了棕壤和褐土的粘土矿物。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the