气质联机法测定崂山绿茶中香气成分(Ⅰ)

介绍了青岛崂山绿茶中香气成分的分析方法。用常压水蒸气蒸馏法提取崂山绿茶中的香气成分。冷凝液用乙醚萃取。萃取液经脱水，在室温25℃1个标准大气压下使乙醚挥发，保留体积为1．5mL。用气相色谱-质谱联机法（GC—MS，Saturn2000）对其中的香气成分进行了定性分析。被检出的天然香气物质有44种，与NIST谱图库（美国标准与技术研究院NIST数据库）的匹配效果较好，尤其是12种具有代表性的成分。试验结果表明，崂山绿茶中香气物质种类较丰富。     

利川红茶与恩施绿茶中游离态与键合态挥发性物质对比分析

采用顶空固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪对武陵地区湖北省恩施州内特有的利川红茶和恩施绿茶中游离态、键合态挥发性物质的种类和含量进行了研究。结果表明,利川红茶中挥发性物质有52种,包括36种游离态挥发性物质和25种键合态挥发性物质,其中有9种相同挥发性物质;恩施绿茶中挥发性物质有56种,包括15种游离态挥发性物质和45种键合态挥发性物质,其中有4种相同挥发性物质。对两茶叶中挥发性物质的香气活性进行了分析,发现构成利川红茶风味轮廓的重要组成是醛类、醇类和酯类;而构成恩施绿茶风味轮廓的重要组成是醛类、醇类和烯烃类。利川红茶中游离态香气活性物质主要为香叶醇和辛醛,键合态香气活性物质主要为水杨酸甲酯、α-柠檬醛和芳樟醇。恩施绿茶中游离态香气活性物质主要是辛醛和柠檬烯,键合态香气活性物质主要是芳樟醇和萘。对两茶叶香味轮廓分析发现,利川红茶的主要香气特征为果香和花香,恩施绿茶的主要香气特征为果香和化学气味。对两茶叶中挥发性物质的含量分析发现,利川红茶与恩施绿茶游离态挥发性成分中酚类和羧酸类物质含量差异明显,键合态挥发性成分中酚类、酮类物质的含量存有较大差异。希望研究对阐述茶叶香味的组成及风味物质的生成提供参考,同时为利川红茶和恩施绿茶的精深加工和品质控制提供帮助。     

顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱法分析月光白茶香气成分

为了探明景谷大白茶(Camellia.sinensis var.assamica cv.Jinggu-dabaicha)的适制性,采用全自动顶空固相微萃取(headspace solid-phase microextraction,HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析利用景谷大白茶制成的月光白茶的香气成分,并比较其与利用同一品种制成的景谷绿茶的香气成分的差异.结果从月光白茶中鉴定出香气成分60种,从景谷绿茶中鉴定出香气成分73种,它们的香气成分均以醇类化合物、碳氢化合物、酮类化合物为主;月光白茶的香气成分主要为芳樟醇、十六烷酸、芳樟醇氧化物、二氢猕猴桃内酯、2,6,10,14-四甲基十五烷、植酮、水杨酸甲酯和橙花叔醇等;而景谷绿茶的香气成分主要为芳樟醇、十六烷酸、二氢猕猴桃内酯、咖啡因、β-紫罗酮、植酮、橙花叔醇、香叶基丙酮和植醇等.通过对比发现,月光白茶和景谷绿茶在香气组成上较接近,它们的共有香气成分为53种,但景谷绿茶比月光白茶多检测出香气成分13种,它们在香气组分组成及含量上的差异可能与不同的加工工艺有关.     

典型名优绿茶香气化学研究进展

优越的茶香品质是名优绿茶的突出特征之一,它们的香气总体相似又各具特色。选取了洞庭碧螺春、西湖龙井、信阳毛尖、黄山毛峰4种典型名优绿茶,结合绿茶的成分与加工特点,分析了名优绿茶中的香气物质的来源及其理化性质,并对比其感官品质和香气组成。茶树的品种和生长环境、茶叶制作工艺以及贮藏条件等因素都对不同种类的名优绿茶在香气品质表现上的差异有着复杂的影响,今后,对上述名优绿茶香气影响因子的作用机理与调控方法的进一步深入研究仍将是名优绿茶香气化学的重要发展方向。     

顶空和固相微萃取测定苹果芳香物质的比较

采用自动化静态顶空和固相微萃取两种样品前处理方式对苹果样品进行萃取分析,结合气相色谱质谱联用仪对苹果酯类物质进行分离检测,经计算机谱库(NIST08)检索分析结果显示,静态顶空共分离鉴定出33种酯类香气成分,固相微萃取共分离鉴定出种29种酯类香气成分,两种方法共同检出的有23种物质,其中丁酸乙酯、2-甲基-丁酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基乙酸丁酯等15种物质相对含量较高,分别占总峰面积的78.38%和68.71%。固相微萃取前处理方式成本更节约,基本上反映了苹果酯类香气特征物质,自动化静态顶空检测出了酯类物质成分较多,自动化程度更高,更精确地反映了苹果酯类香气特征物质。     

GC-MS法分析滁州贡菊中挥发油成分

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取滁州贡菊中挥发油,通过气质联用仪检测和标准谱库检索(NIST,Wiley 275.L)研究滁州贡菊挥发油的化学组成成分,用面积归一化法确定各成分的相对质量分数.结果显示,从滁州贡菊药用部分挥发油中分离出了156个色谱峰,鉴定其中的55个化合物,占挥发油总质量的76.07%,其中有11种化合物首次在菊花挥发油中报道.滁州贡菊挥发油的主要成分为萜烯类及其衍生物,并且相关化合物都具有特殊的香气或生物活性,在治疗头晕和降血压等方面具有较广的应用价值.     

顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析玉兰花香气成分

为准确分析玉兰花挥发性香气成分,采用静态顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱联用法结合NIST11数据库与AMDIS软件对玉兰花挥发性香气成分进行了准确鉴定,共鉴定出54种挥发性成分,占挥发性成分总量的98.71%,其中醇类14种、萜类15种、酮类7种、烷烃8种、酯类3种以及部分杂原子化合物等,其中主要成分为乙醇(质量分数为18.81%),甲醇(质量分数为18.45%),α-法尼烯(质量分数为16.13%),α-甲基-a-[4-甲基-3-戊烯基]环氧丙醇(质量分数为8.85%),α-松油醇(质量分数为5.77%)等。结果显示,萜烯类物质是玉兰花挥发性香气成分的主要来源。     

阿胶的香气活性物质分析

采用感官分析法构建了阿胶的风味轮廓图。为了深入挖掘阿胶的风味贡献成分,采用固相微萃取法(solid-phase micro-extraction, SPME)和溶剂辅助风味蒸发法(solvent-assisted flavor evaporation, SAFE)两种方法提取阿胶的挥发性物质。以此为基础,利用气相色谱-嗅闻(gas chromatography-olfactometry, GC-O)联用仪和香气活度值(odor activity value, OAV)共同确定其香气活性物质。结果表明,阿胶的风味轮廓主要由阿胶腥味、焦煳味和肉味为主,两种提取方法分别检出44种和52种挥发性物质,SAFE法对阿胶的萃取效果较好。其中,经SPME法共检出香气活性物质34种,GC-O法和OAV法分别检出香气活性物质23种和24种；经SAFE法共检出香气活性物质41种,GC-O法和OAV法分别检出香气活性物质29种和26种。阿胶的关键性香气物质为己醛、2-乙基-6-甲基吡嗪、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、3-乙基-2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2-乙基-5-甲基吡嗪、二甲基三硫醚、糠醇、苯乙醇、丁酸、4-甲基戊酸、异戊酸、己酸、辛酸、壬酸和γ-壬内酯,可见,吡嗪类、酸类和含硫化合物是构成阿胶风味轮廓的重要组成。     

四种传统名茶风味成分的比较研究

本论文以中国名茶——信阳毛尖、龙井、碧螺春、黄山毛峰为研究对象，对其生化成分进行比较分析，从生化成分含量角度分析了它们的不同风味，综合认为信阳毛尖在茶汤甜度、鲜爽度、浓度方面比其他三种绿茶要好，在醇度方面相对其他三种绿茶稍差；采用SDE方法萃取茶叶香精油，用气质联用仪进行分析，对四种绿茶的香气进行比较，得出信阳毛尖不同于其他三种绿茶香气的特征成分是橙花叔醇、正赓醛、苯乙酮、顺-香叶基丙酮、N-苯基-1-萘胺、十六碳酸、十六碳酸甲酯、顺-3-己烯基己酸酯的含量比其他三种绿茶都要高。     

柚子皮精油提取分离方法及其成分分析

用乙醚萃取、常压蒸馏法对柚子皮低沸点混合物组分进行了提取.采用自制简易分段微量蒸馏装置对所得混合物进行分馏,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法对分馏组分进行测定.分馏得到两种馏分(极易挥发组分和挥发性组分);挥发性组分中检测出9种成分,主要为乙醚,β-月桂烯、D-柠檬烯等;极易挥发组分中检测出4种成分,主要为乙醚;柚子皮挥发性组分中共检测出了22种成分,其主要成分为D-柠檬烯(62.43%)、β-月桂烯(23.16%)、2,6,11,15-四甲基-十六烷-1,6,10,14-四烯(3.08%).实验结果表明,柚子皮挥发性组分为柚子皮精油,柚子皮是提取D-柠檬烯和β-月桂烯单离香料的良好植物资源.通过改进提取方法,可以简化提取并能除去精油中残留的低沸点提取溶剂,提高主要成分的含量.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-