白马雪山牧场中捕食线虫真菌资源调查

目的:调查白马雪山牧场中捕食线虫真菌资源及其在不同基质中的分布情况。方法:2012年8月份从白马雪山牧场中采集了97份牦牛粪样,95份土壤样品,进行捕食线虫真菌的分离培养及鉴定。结果:共分离出4属16种捕食线虫真菌,其中1种未定名,Arthrobotrys oligospora和Arthrobotrys thaumasium在土壤样品及牦牛粪便中都出现,频率较高。结论:土壤中的捕食线虫真菌比牦牛粪样中的丰富,具有三维菌网的Arthrobotrys属菌株出现频率较高。     

云南西部地区松树根际捕食线虫真菌资源研究

植物寄生线虫造成的危害极大,开展捕食线虫真菌资源的研究是线虫生物防治的前提和基础.2006年至2007年间对云南西部云南松、华山松松树根际土中的捕食线虫真菌进行了调查,通过对分离到捕食线虫真菌土壤的地理位置、海拔的分析,结果表明:捕食线虫真菌在云南西部松树根际中广泛分布,从1000份样品中共分离、鉴定出捕食线虫真菌3个属(Arthrobotrys,Drechslerella,Dactylellina)21种和5个未产生捕食器的相关属Dactylella以及菌丝不分隔的捕食线虫真Stylopage属的1个种和Tridentaria属的1个种,其中2个为待定种.优势种为Arthrobotrys oligospora,Arthrobotrys musiformis,Arthrobotrys thaumasia,Dactylellina ellipsospora.在所分离到的捕食线虫真菌中,产生粘性菌网的菌种占优势.     

云南及贵州部分地区淡水生捕食线虫真菌多样性研究

 研究云南鸡足山、西双版纳、滇池、盘龙江、苍山及贵州宽阔水地区小溪底泥和落水腐叶样品共800份,分离到淡水生捕食线虫真菌5属47种,包括Arthrobotrys,Dactylellina,Drechslerella,Dactylella和Triposporina,其中2个中国新记录:A. psychrophila和Da. tentaculatum.淡水生捕食线虫真菌的水平分布没有严格的地理和气候限制,但在不同生境中种的出现频率不同;对比2种着生基质,推测淡水生捕食线虫真菌可在多种基质上生长;水环境的污染状况对淡水生捕食线虫真菌的分布有显著影响,并对捕食器官等问题进行了讨论.     

桉树林地中捕食线虫真菌的多样性研究

 从2004~2005年采自文山桉树林的420份土样中共鉴定出4属、18种捕食线虫真菌.Arthrobotrys thaumasium,A.oligospora为优势种,检出率分别为25.40%和21.21%.通过对2个桉树林样地及其对照地2a的捕食线虫真菌多样性分析,未发现桉树种植短期内对捕食线虫真菌多样性有明显的负面影响.通过对桉树林及其对照地土壤中2a的土壤营养测定和比较,发现桉树林地土壤中的N,P,K和有机质含量的下降幅度大于对照地,桉树种植容易导致土壤贫瘠.相邻地段中捕食线虫真菌群落结构非常相似,变化不大;而随着时间的推移,相同地段环境中捕食线虫真菌的群落结构在不断地变化.桉树林中捕食线虫真菌多样性与N,P,K和有机质含量均成正相关关系.     

烟草根结线虫衰退土中捕食线虫真菌的生物多样性--群落组成的基本特征

对烟草根结线虫衰退土中捕食线虫真菌的种类组成,垂直分布,物种相对多度模型及分布格局等基本特征进行了调查分析.结果表明分布于衰退土中的捕食线虫真菌种类共有 7个属,30个种.不同的衰退土样地,多数捕食线虫真菌种类是相同的,且各有一定的富集种组成.捕食线虫真菌在土壤中的垂直分布随土层的加深而减少.捕食线虫真菌种类基本上服从对数正态分布模型,多数富集种呈随机分布.     

水生捕食线虫真菌季节性分布及多样性研究

从云南滇池附近的三块水稻田和三口鱼塘中分离到的捕食线虫真菌种类比较相似,但从鱼塘中分离到的捕食线虫真菌种类要比水稻田中的少,两个生境中的优势种也不同.水稻田中,春季和秋季的优势种为Arbrostrys conoides,夏季和冬季的优势种为A.oligospora,秋季的捕食线虫真菌种类最多,春季次之,夏季和冬季最少;鱼塘中,春季、夏季和冬季的优势种均为Dactylellina ellipsosporum,秋季的优势种为A.ver-micola.夏季的捕食线虫真菌种类最多,其他三个季节的捕食线虫真菌种类相差不大.从湖南湘江衡阳段的300份泥土样品中,共分离、鉴定出17种水生捕食线虫真菌,东洲岛和新大桥水域分离的水生捕食线虫真菌比李坳水域分离的种数少.     

烟草根结线虫衰退土中捕食线虫真菌的生物多样性：群 …

对烟草根结线虫衰退土中捕食线虫真菌的种类组成,垂直分布,物种相对多主分布格局等基本特征进行了调查分析,结果表明,分布于衰退土中的捕食线虫真菌种类共有７个属。３０个种,不同的衰退土样地,多捕食线虫真菌种类是相同的,且各有一定的富集种组成,捕食线虫真菌在土壤中的垂直分布随土层的加深而减少,捕食线虫真菌菌种类基本上服从对数正态分布模型,多数富集种呈随机分分布。     

山西省的捕食线虫真菌

从山西运城地区分离到３属６种捕食线虫真菌，除了Ｔｒｉｐｏｓｐｏｒｉｎａ是中国新记录属外，其它均属省新纪录属和种，它们是：Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｄａｃｔｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ，Ａ．ｃｏｎｏｉｄｅｓ，Ａ．ｒｏｂｕｓｔａ，Ｍｏｎａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｃｉｏｎｏｐａｇｕｍ，Ｍ．ｓｐ。本文对这些捕食线虫真菌进行简略描述。     

内蒙古西部地区土壤真菌的多样性分析

摘 要：为明确内蒙古西部地区土壤真菌的多样性,从内蒙古西部地区采集土壤样品170份,提取土壤样品的总DNA,通过聚合酶链反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis),对真菌的丰富度和香浓指数进行分析,并研究了土壤真菌多样性与土壤类型、土壤利用方式及土壤环境参数的相关性。结果显示,内蒙古西部地区土壤真菌的多样性较为丰富,丰富度指数处于11到25.4之间,香浓指数处于2.33到3.17之间。在内蒙古西部同一地区的不同类型土壤中的真菌多样性差异显著。其中,棕钙土、栗钙土、石质土的丰富度最高,草甸土的最低;同一地区相同类型土壤中草地的真菌数量比耕地丰富,林地土壤真菌数量相对较少,未利用土壤真菌多样性指数最低。真菌多样性与土壤环境参数的相关性分析结果显示二者之间并无显著的相关性。经过18S rRNA 基因序列比对共得到了9个属的真菌,Penicillium（青霉属）、Aureobasidium（短柄霉属）、Pyrenochata(棘壳菌属）、Rhodocybella（红盖菇属）、Vanderwaltozyma、Kazachstania、Cystofilobasidium、Saccharomyces（酵母菌属）,还有一株未被培养的优势菌。内蒙古西部地区的真菌资源较为丰富,其多样性受土壤类型及利用方式影响较大,作为与人类活动息息相关的一种重要的微生物资源,本研究为今后该地区真菌资源的开发利用奠定了基础。     

木腐真菌对松材线虫病疫木处理初探

【目的】筛选在疫木中迅速定殖扩展且能抑制松材线虫生长和繁殖的木腐真菌,在抑制松材线虫生长的同时快速降解疫木的木材成分,从而实现疫木中松材线虫在被媒介昆虫传带前就被大幅减少或不能正常进入蛹室,即在侵染循环的疫木环节即被阻断的目标,为松材线虫病的有效防控提供参考。【方法】分别将2 000条松材线虫接种至培养成熟的不同木腐真菌菌落上,通过室内平板试验测定不同木腐真菌对松材线虫生长和繁殖的影响;其次,将黑松木块接种至筛选获得具有抑制松材线虫生长和繁殖作用的木腐真菌菌落上,探究其对黑松木材的降解作用。以此筛选出能明显影响松材线虫生长繁殖且具有分解木材能力的优良木腐真菌;最后将筛选获得的优良木腐真菌经大量液体培养和固体培养繁殖后接种至田间当年染松材线虫病60 cm长的伐倒松木木段上,分别于接种后的120和150 d用电钻钻孔取木样,后将木段劈开,收集天牛蛀道周围的木样,分离并统计木样内松材线虫数量,比较接种前后疫木内松材线虫数量的变化,分析木腐真菌对疫木中松材线虫种群的影响。【结果】在室内培养茯苓菌的平板上松材线虫不能成活,在黄孢原毛平革菌、B18、C11和D16菌落上松材线虫的生长和繁殖也明显受到抑制。以接种茯苓菌后木材的质量损失率最大(7.30%),其分解纤维素和半纤维素能力也最强,分解率分别为19.21% 和29.65%;分解木质素能力最强的为黄孢原毛平革菌,分解率达到31.59%。在田间接种试验中,接种同种木腐真菌,以接种液体培养菌丝的效果优于接种固体培养菌丝的。不同木腐真菌中,以接种茯苓后减少疫木内的松材线虫数量显著优于接种其他木腐真菌处理的。接种茯苓液体培养菌丝和固体培养菌丝150 d后,均可最大程度减少疫木内松材线虫数量,减少率分别为74.51% 和65.78%。接种茯苓液体培养菌丝后天牛蛀道的松材线虫数量较接种前减少了65.45%。【结论】茯苓在室内外分解松木和减少疫木内松材线虫两方面效果均最佳;同种木腐真菌,以接种液体培养菌丝的效果优于接种固体培养菌丝的。研究表明,采用不利于松材线虫生长和繁殖的木腐真菌进行松材线虫病的疫木除治具有技术可行性和广阔的应用前景。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.