色噪声环境下系统记忆性对分数阶布朗马达合作输运特性的影响

本文引入分数阶微积运算,建立色噪声环境下分数阶布朗马达在闪烁棘齿势中的合作输运模型,通过数值模拟讨论分析了系统记忆性对合作定向输运性质的影响.本文的研究表明,系统记忆性可通过分数阶阶数和色噪声关联时间描述,且分数阶对输运特性的影响远大于色噪声;改变系统阶数不仅可影响粒子链定向输运速度的大小,还可改变其运动方向,使系统出现与整数阶方向相反的定向流,且出现振荡与广义随机共振现象;色噪声关联时间改变输运速度的大小,但不改变定向流的方向.     

色噪声下双头分子马达停留时间

分子马达是一类能将化学能直接转变为机械能的蛋白质大分子，它们沿相应微管作定向运动，其定向运动机制对生物高分子合成有重要的指导意义．引入分子马达双头之间的耦合作用势函数，建立分子马达在色噪声作用下的双头耦合模型．采用二阶龙格一库塔算法求解Langevin方程，结合Monte Carlo模拟方法，计算得到马达的停留时间和跃迁时间．进一步讨论了耦合系数、噪声强度、外部作用力对停留时间及跃迁时间的影响，并作了相应的分析．     

分子马达运动机制的基本观点及力-化学耦合

从物理学角度讨论了分子马达定向运动机制的基本观点，介绍了用Fokker-Plank方程求解几率流的一般思想，以及分子马达力学和化学过程可能的耦合方式。     

肌球蛋白在集体协作工作模型中的力及效率

偏布朗运动模型是描述分子马达沿轨道运动的主要理论之一,此类模型的不足之处是不能产生足够强的力,其效率不高.对Julicher和Prost提出的描述肌球蛋白分子集体协作的偏布朗运动模型作了改进,定义了模型中分子马达的效率.计算表明,改进模型中分子马达的效率可达ηmax≈0.75,同实验值相符,单个分子马达产生的力大约是原模型的2倍,比实验值小.说明将分子马达沿轨道定向运动看作粒子在一维不对称锯齿势中运动的模型仍需进一步改进.     

分子马达 构建“小”的世界

科普便利贴:机体的一切活动,从肌肉收缩、细胞内部的运输、遗传物质(DNA)的复制,到细胞的分裂等等,在分子水平上,都是具有马达功能的蛋白质大分子做功推动的结果。因此,它们被称为分子马达或蛋白质马达、蛋白质机器等。到目前为止,已有百种以上的分子马达被确定,它们在机体内执行着各种各样的生物功能。分子马达都是沿着相应的蛋白丝做定向运动。这些蛋白丝起着"轨道"的作用,它们都是有极性的,因而也是有方向性的。这些分子马达可高效率地将贮藏在腺苷三磷酸(ATP)分子中的化学能直接转换为机械能,产生协调的定向运动而做功。迄今为止,人类尚无由化学能直接转换为机械能做功的任何记载,因而由生物体反映出的这种独特的能量转换形式不仅对于生命活动至关重要,而且人类也可以从新的角度出发去认识、研究及利用这种能量转换的分子机制。因此,分子马达做功原理及能量转换机制一直是分子生物学、物理学、生物化学等诸多学科中最为引人注目的领域之一,并且会在相当长的时间里成为多学科共同面临的一个极具挑战性的科学领域。     

关联噪声驱动的分子马达模型

推导了在关联噪声驱动下分子马达定态几率流的表达式,通过解析计算和数值模拟得到如下结果：加性白噪声不能驱动分子马达产生定向运动,定态几率流的方向取决于积分值δ,且在一维余弦势场中,定态几率流随着噪声关联参数的变化与噪声强度大小有关,不论噪声间是正关联或负关联,当内噪声强度一定,随着外噪声强度的增强,定态几率流增大,最终达到一个饱和值。     

驱动蛋白的结构及运动机制研究进展

驱动蛋白是一种重要的细胞内运输"货物"的分子马达,它基于微管运动,其结构、功能和运动机制是人们主要的研究方面。揭示驱动蛋白的工作机制必将会加深人们对分子马达的认识,而且可以使人类从新的角度去认识、研究和利用这一分子机制。     

定向运动流体分子按速率分布律

对定向运动流体,建立流体分子按定向漂移速率分布的规律, 由之得出定向运动流体分子按分子横向运动速率分布所遵循的规律,以定向运动流体分子横向运动分量平均速率作为确定湍流现象发生的参数,从而构成了对用雷诺数可以确定湍流的微观解释.在定向运动流体中,建立流体分子按势能分布的规律.通过在定向运动流体中引入麦克斯韦速率分布律及玻耳兹曼分布律,确立了定向运动流体中分子所遵循的统计规律.     

双头布朗马达定向运动的物理模型

基于非平衡态涨落理论和驱动蛋白结构特征，建立了双头布朗马达运动的物理模型，提出了两头之间相互作用的机制以及布朗马达与轨道相互作用势的三态闪烁形式。对布朗马达运动暂态过程的计算结果表明，当布朗马达与轨道的相互作用势在三态之间闪烁时，布朗马达定向运动且运动速度大小依赖于环境温度和三态势之间的跃迁率。     

分子马达定向运动的瞬态过程

本文研究了在一维三态周期跳跃模型下分子马达定向运动的瞬态过程，对于给定的任意初始分布，得出了与时间有关的几率分布的解析表达式，包括到达稳态之前的所有的瞬态过程，由此可获得马达在各个时刻的漂移速度和扩散系数，这是与对时间有关的两态模型的一上推广，同时还计算了马达到达稳态所需要的特征时间，并把结果同实验及其他计算结果进行了比较，与实验值符合的较好。     

复杂系统中的合作演化与自组织斑图

目前,复杂系统中大量个体的集体行为在社会学、生物学和物理学领域备受关注.对这些集体行为的研究中,合作涌现和自组织斑图的研究尤为瞩目.基于此,简要介绍国内这一领域的相关研究进展,包括基于演化博弈探讨自私个体间的合作行为和相互竞争物种间的自组织斑图.     

Intracellular transport by motor proteins with the same directionality

Active intracellular transport is mainly performed by a group of special nanomachines called motor proteins. During transport, cooperation between motor proteins significantly influences important transport features, such as distance and velocity. To understand this mechanism, we combine Gillespie simulation and analytical derivation to demonstrate how the mechanical properties of a single motor influence the cooperation between multiple motors, further regulating the transport distance. In addition, we build a deep learning model to help us quickly obtain the motor parameters. Our results shed light on the physical nature of intracellular transport by motor proteins with the same directionality.     

Molecular motors

Life implies movement. Most forms of movement in the living world are powered by tiny protein machines known as molecular motors. Among the best known are motors that use sophisticated intramolecular amplification mechanisms to take nanometre steps along protein tracks in the cytoplasm. These motors transport a wide variety of cargo, power cell locomotion, drive cell division and, when combined in large ensembles, allow organisms to move. Motor defects can lead to severe diseases or may even be lethal. Basic principles of motor design and mechanism have now been derived, and an understanding of their complex cellular roles is emerging.     

从鸟群群集飞行到无人机自主集群编队

无人机可通过自主集群编队提高其在复杂环境下执行任务的能力.多飞行器并存导致系统协调管理难度提升等一系列问题,因此如何设计合理高效的无人机集群编队协调自主控制算法是一个亟待解决的难点问题.在鸟群群集飞行过程中,个体通过遵循简单行为规则进行相互合作而产生复杂有序的集体行为.由于鸟群群集飞行过程中所表现出的邻近交互性、群体稳定性和环境适应性等特点与无人机集群编队的自主、协调和智能等控制要求有着紧密的契合之处,因此,研究鸟群群集飞行机制,并将其映射到无人机集群系统,是解决无人机集群编队协调自主控制问题的一条切实可行的途径.     

Glutamate-receptor-interacting protein GRIP1 directly steers kinesin to dendrites

In cells, molecular motors operate in polarized sorting of molecules, although the steering mechanisms of motors remain elusive. In neurons, the kinesin motor conducts vesicular transport such as the transport of synaptic vesicle components to axons and of neurotransmitter receptors to dendrites, indicating that vesicles may have to drive the motor for the direction to be correct. Here we show that an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor subunit--GluR2-interacting protein (GRIP1)--can directly interact and steer kinesin heavy chains to dendrites as a motor for AMPA receptors. As would be expected if this complex is functional, both gene targeting and dominant negative experiments of heavy chains of mouse kinesin showed abnormal localization of GRIP1. Moreover, expression of the kinesin-binding domain of GRIP1 resulted in accumulation of the endogenous kinesin predominantly in the somatodendritic area. This pattern was different from that generated by the overexpression of the kinesin-binding scaffold protein JSAP1 (JNK/SAPK-associated protein-1, also known as Mapk8ip3), which occurred predominantly in the somatoaxon area. These results indicate that directly binding proteins can determine the traffic direction of a motor protein.     

“一带一路”背景下基于知识溢出视角的企业动态合作行为演化博弈分析

"一带一路"战略的逐步推进使得企业与企业之间的合作突破了地域、国别和文化的限制。在此背景下,基于知识溢出视角,针对企业间复杂动态合作行为演化问题,在有限理性的前提下,运用演化博弈理论,通过构建演化博弈模型,对企业动态合作行为演化路径进行了分析,对影响企业合作策略选择的作用机理进行了研究。研究发现:合作双方的策略选择与初始支付矩阵有关,也与支付矩阵的初始参数设置有关。其中,在一定范围内,增大合作收益系数,减小合作风险,降低合作成本有利于企业展开合作活动,实现合作共赢的最终目标。最后根据本文研究结果,对政府及企业提出了相关政策建议。     

Evolution and maintenance of cooperation via inheritance of neighborhood relationship

Cooperative behaviors are ubiquitous in nature and human society. It is very important to understand the internal mechanism of emergence and maintenance of cooperation. As we know now, the offsprings inherit not only the phenotype but also the neighborhood relationship of their parents. Some recent research results show that the interactions among individuals facilitate survival of cooperation through network reciprocity of clustering cooperators. This paper aims at introducing an inheritance mechanism of neighborhood relationship to explore the evolution of cooperation. In detail, a mathematical model is proposed to characterize the evolutionary process with the above inheritance mechanism. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations indicate that high-level cooperation can emerge and be maintained for a wide variety of cost-to-benefit ratios, even if mutation happens during the evolving process.     

Myosin VI is an actin-based motor that moves backwards.

Myosins and kinesins are molecular motors that hydrolyse ATP to track along actin filaments and microtubules, respectively. Although the kinesin family includes motors that move towards either the plus or minus ends of microtubules, all characterized myosin motors move towards the barbed (+) end of actin filaments. Crystal structures of myosin II (refs 3-6) have shown that small movements within the myosin motor core are transmitted through the 'converter domain' to a 'lever arm' consisting of a light-chain-binding helix and associated light chains. The lever arm further amplifies the motions of the converter domain into large directed movements. Here we report that myosin VI, an unconventional myosin, moves towards the pointed (-) end of actin. We visualized the myosin VI construct bound to actin using cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis, and found that an ADP-mediated conformational change in the domain distal to the motor, a structure likely to be the effective lever arm, is in the opposite direction to that observed for other myosins. Thus, it appears that myosin VI achieves reverse-direction movement by rotating its lever arm in the opposite direction to conventional myosin lever arm movement.