固体酸催化合成二氯乙酸乙酯

介绍一种二氯乙酸乙酯的合成方法.以二氯乙酸为起始原料,研究了催化剂对二氯乙酸与乙醇脱水醚化反应的催化性能,同时讨论了不同带水剂苯、甲苯、环己烷及其用量对反应的影响,得到以FeCl3·6H2O为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂,乙醇既作反应原料又为溶剂,制备二氯乙酸乙酯,最佳反应条件:二氯乙酸12.9 g,无水乙醇20 mL,环己烷15 mL,催化剂用量0.5 g,反应温度:回流,反应时间40 min.反应产物蒸馏收集153~156℃的馏分得到无色液体二氯乙酸乙酯,纯度大于98%,蒸干溶剂后,进行催化剂重复使用试验,其结果为:重复反应4次,累计反应时间为240 min,二氯乙酸乙酯产率分别为85.4%,77.1%,83.4%,78.3%.     

蒙脱土负载氯化锌催化合成喹喔啉衍生物

二苯基乙二酮及邻苯二胺为原料,蒙脱土负载氯化锌催化合成喹喔啉类化合物,考察溶剂、反应时间、温度、原料物质的量比等对产率的影响.筛选出最佳反应条件为:二苯基乙二酮与邻苯二胺物质的量比为1.2∶1.0,催化剂用量为二苯基乙二酮的10%(x),乙酸乙酯作溶剂,反应时间为10 min,温度30℃.产率最高为96.3%.所得化合物通过熔点、红外、核磁确认.     

4,5,6,7—四氢噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶的合成研究

研究了以2—噻吩乙胺和甲醛为原料聚合反应得到N-(2-噻吩乙基)亚甲胺,并在乙醇氯化氢的作用下环合得到4,5,6,7-四氢噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶盐酸盐（HPLC）的工艺过程。讨论了溶剂、酸浓度、反应时间、反应温度对合成的影响,获得最佳反应条件是：酸为30%无水乙醇氯化氢溶液,反应溶剂为乙醇,反应时间控制在3～5小时之内,反应温度是50-60℃,优化后两步总产率约87%左右,HPLC含量在99%左右。     

对羟基扁桃酸的合成研究

研究以苯酚和乙醛酸为原料，在氢氧化钠存在下水溶剂合成对羟基扁桃酸的方法，考察了反应温度、反应时间、反应物摩尔比及后处理阶段pH值等因素对反应收率的影响。结果表明合成对羟基扁桃酸的最佳反应条件为：反应温度50℃，反应时间7h，n(乙醛酸)：n(苯酚)：n(氢氧化钠)=1：1．25：1．5，产品收率可达到66．34％。     

(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇合成(R)-(-)-3-氯-2-羟丙基对甲苯磺酸酯的研究

以(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇为原料合成了医药中间体(R)-(-)-3-氯-2-羟丙基对甲苯磺酸酯,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂种类及用量、催化剂种类及用量,以及原料配比等因素对反应的影响.通过正交试验确定了适宜的合成工艺条件:反应温度0℃;反应时间6 h;对甲苯磺酰氯与(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇摩尔比为1.2∶1;催化剂NaOH与(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇的摩尔比为1.2∶1;以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,(R)-(-)-3-氯-1,2-丙二醇浓度为125 g/L.在此工艺条件下产物得率大于85%.     

2-溴-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇的合成

以硝基甲烷和甲醛为原料,在碱性条件下,经烷羟基化和溴化两步反应合成了2-溴-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇.考察了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂中水与醇的体积比以及溶剂用量对产品收率的影响.最佳反应条件为:V(水)∶V(醇)=0.4∶1.0、V(溶剂)∶V(反应原料)=2.1∶1.0,烷羟化反应时间为1.5 h,反应温度为5℃;溴化反应时间为0.5 h,反应温度为10℃,产品收率可达到78%.     

溶剂法合成亚磷酸二甲酯

以三氯化磷和甲醇为原料，用溶剂法合成了亚磷酸二甲酯，着重探讨了反应物的摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间和溶剂用量等对产品收率的影响，得出了优化的工艺条件。     

淀粉——苯乙烯接枝共聚物的研究（I）

本文以淀粉和苯乙烯为基本原料，经接枝共聚制备生物降解性ＰＳ母料，并讨论了原料配比、反应温度及反应时间等因素对产品性能的影响。结果表明：最佳原料配比为淀粉与苯乙烯之比为１：１，反应温度为６０℃，反应时间为８ｈ。     

连续法合成二氧化硫脲的管式工艺研究

将工业上水溶剂法合成二氧化硫脲的间歇釜式反应工艺改变为连续管式反应工艺,实验研究了原料流量、反应物浓度、助剂加入量等对二氧化硫脲合成过程的影响规律。实验研究发现,在适宜的反应温度、原料配比、反应时间、反应物浓度条件下,二氧化硫脲粗品收率均达80%以上,二氧化硫脲质量分数高于99%。     

新型含磷阻燃剂DOPO-ITA的合成与表征

以9，10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）、衣康酸（ITA）为原料，二甲苯作溶剂合成出了新型含磷阻燃剂DOPO—ITA，并通过红外光谱、^1H核磁谱、质谱等对该化合物结构进行了鉴定。同时考察了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂种类和气氛等对收率的影响。结果表明，当n（DOPO）：n（ITA）=1：1；反应温度160℃；反应时间18h；工业氮气保护条件下DOPO—ITA的收率为91％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.