Programmed self-assembly of DNA origami nanoblocks into anisotropic higher-order nanopatterns

Anisotropic nanopatterns have potentials in constructing novel plasmonic structures which have various applications in such as super-resolution microscopy, medicine, and sensors. However, it remains challenging to build big anisotropic nanopatterns that are suitable for big noble metal nanoparticles. Herein, we report a simple and reliable strategy for constructing DNA origami-based big anisotropic nanopatterns with controlled size and shape, nanoscale resolution, and fully addressability. Two kinds of basic DNA origami nanoblocks-cross-shaped and rectangular DNA origami units were used. We have demonstrated that by encoding nanoblocks’ edges, anisotropic higher-order nanopatterns, such as dimer, trimer, tetramer and mini "windmill" like pentamer nanopatterns could be constructed. To show the potential use as template to direct the assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles arrays, a proof of concept work was conducted by anchoring streptavidin nanoparticles on the "windmill" template to form a chiral array. Significantly, these nanopatterns have the sizes of hundreds of nanometers, which are in principle also suitable for big noble metal nanoparticles arrays.     

Complex shapes self-assembled from single-stranded DNA tiles

Programmed self-assembly of strands of nucleic acid has proved highly effective for creating a wide range of structures with desired shapes. A particularly successful implementation is DNA origami, in which a long scaffold strand is folded by hundreds of short auxiliary strands into a complex shape. Modular strategies are in principle simpler and more versatile and have been used to assemble DNA or RNA tiles into periodic and algorithmic two-dimensional lattices, extended ribbons and tubes, three-dimensional crystals, polyhedra and simple finite two-dimensional shapes. But creating finite yet complex shapes from a large number of uniquely addressable tiles remains challenging. Here we solve this problem with the simplest tile form, a 'single-stranded tile' (SST) that consists of a 42-base strand of DNA composed entirely of concatenated sticky ends and that binds to four local neighbours during self-assembly. Although ribbons and tubes with controlled circumferences have been created using the SST approach, we extend it to assemble complex two-dimensional shapes and tubes from hundreds (in some cases more than one thousand) distinct tiles. Our main design feature is a self-assembled rectangle that serves as a molecular canvas, with each of its constituent SST strands--folded into a 3 nm-by-7 nm tile and attached to four neighbouring tiles--acting as a pixel. A desired shape, drawn on the canvas, is then produced by one-pot annealing of all those strands that correspond to pixels covered by the target shape; the remaining strands are excluded. We implement the strategy with a master strand collection that corresponds to a 310-pixel canvas, and then use appropriate strand subsets to construct 107 distinct and complex two-dimensional shapes, thereby establishing SST assembly as a simple, modular and robust framework for constructing nanostructures with prescribed shapes from short synthetic DNA strands.     

Analogic China map constructed by DNA

In this research,a nanoscale DNA structure of analogic China map is created. The nanostructure of roughly 150 nm in diameter with a spatial resolution of 6 nm is purely constructed by folding DNA. The picture observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is almost identical with the de-signed shape. The DNA origami technology invented by Rothemund in 2006 is employed in the construc-tion of this shape,which has proved the capability of constructing almost any complicated shape enabled by DNA origami,and provides new bottom-up method for constructing nanostructures.     

三维装配工艺模型的数字化建模方法

为实现基于三维模型的装配工艺设计,研究了三维装配工艺模型的数字化建模方法. 根据装配工艺设计过程的特点,将三维装配工艺设计过程分为粗装配工艺设计阶段和精装配工艺设计阶段. 针对不同的工艺设计阶段,为三维装配工艺模型提出了3种阶段工艺模型,分别为拆卸工艺模型、粗装配工艺模型及精装配工艺模型,建立了不同阶段模型及辅助工艺信息的表达方法和模型信息间的映射机制,详细阐述了3种阶段工艺模型的建模过程. 基于上述建模方法,开发了基于三维模型的装配工艺设计系统,以一个发动机模型验证了文中提出的建模方法的正确性.      

聚合物共混物在选择性溶剂中胶束状粒子的制备

研究了磺化聚苯乙烯／聚４－乙烯基吡啶在选择性溶剂甲醇中的自组装行为。用动态光散射，透射电镜等手段考察了Ｐ４ＶＰ／甲醇初始浓度以及Ｃｕ＾２＋的加入对溶液中粒子形成尺寸的影响，并在实验结果基础上提出了自主装结构的物理模型。     

陶瓷细骨料替代方式对混凝土抗压强度的影响

为了提高废弃陶瓷在混凝土中的利用率，将废弃陶瓷破碎、筛分加工成人工细骨料，按不同比例(10%，20%，30%，40%及50%)，且分别采用“C”替代法(即传统替代方式，要求陶瓷细骨料细度模数与天然河砂细度模数相近即可，等质量取代)、“P”替代法(陶瓷细骨料一对一平均替代对应的不同粒径的天然河砂)、“D”替代法(陶瓷细骨料一对一且仅替代粒径为1.18，2.36和4.75mm粒径相对较大的天然河砂)及“X”替代法(陶瓷细骨料一对一且仅替代粒径为0.15，0.3和0.6mm粒径相对较小的天然河砂)取代天然河砂，制备陶瓷细骨料混凝土.共设计21组混凝土，包括基准混凝土1组，“C”，“P”，“D”及“X”替代法各5组.水胶比均为0.49，进行混凝土28d的抗压强度试验.结果表明:在水胶比为0.49的条件下，陶瓷细骨料掺量不大于50%时，陶瓷细骨料混凝土抗压强度和基准混凝土为同一强度等级，均到达C30强度等级要求；不同的替代方式，对应的陶瓷细骨料最佳掺量不同；不同的陶瓷细骨料掺量，对应的最优替代方式不同.     

GaP和InP纳米晶形貌研究

研究了交换法合成的GaP纳米棒的形成过程和形成以后自组装成微米棒的过程 ,运用透射电子显微镜对元素反应法制备的InP纳米晶在电子束作用下的运动过程进行了监测     

Nanomembrane folding origami: Geometry control and micro-machine applications

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructures have important applications in a wide range of engineering fields. A strategy of nanomembrane folding origami with microdroplet-guided intercalation and strain engineering to construct complex 3D microstructures for micro-machine applications is proposed in the present investigation. The results showed that nanomembranes were released by the microdroplet intercalation and subsequently fold up as creases, or remain flat as facets, depending on the strain design configurations. The 3D geometry can be controlled by the crease design and by an externally applied magnetic field. Moreover, this folding strategy is used to construct magnetic micro-mirror arrays, magnetic micro-robots, and a twin-jet motor platform, showing potential micro-machine applications in optical micro-devices and robotics. This strategy offers a simple, precise, and designable method of folding 3D microstructures for fundamental research and practical applications.     

滚轮滚针轴承螺栓强度优化设计方法

螺栓强度直接决定滚轮滚针轴承工作载荷。而注油孔结构设计参数是影响螺栓强度的主要因素之一。针对这一问题,以螺栓最大应力和变形为优化目标,提出了滚轮滚针轴承螺栓强度优化设计方法。首先,基于三维建模软件,建立了滚轮滚针轴承参数化模型;然后,运用有限元方法,提出了滚轮滚针轴承整体有限元仿真模型,分析了注油孔设计参数对螺栓强度的影响规律;最后,采用响应面分析方法,建立了以螺栓最大应力和最大变形最小为优化目标的滚轮滚针轴承多目标优化模型,结合工程实际,获得了螺栓注油孔孔径的最优化设计参数。仿真结果表明,优化后的滚轮滚针轴承螺栓关键位置的最大应力和最大变形均有所改善,验证了所建立的滚轮滚针轴承螺栓强度优化设计方法的有效性。     

“需要”和“欲望”：正确理解“审美无利害性”必须分清的两个概念

康德把审美判断的特征从“质”的契机上界定为“无利害关系的自由愉快”,其用意在于借助审美来抵制人的思想行为受“欲望”所支配,从而使人具有自己的自由意志和独立人格,表明审美乃是“作为一个人的人”所不可缺少的一种精神需求。但这一思想从王国维把“美学”介绍到我国的那一天开始,就遭到我国美学界的曲解和误解,以致对“需要”与“欲望”不加区分、把“需要”也当作“欲望”来加以否定,从而造成我国现代美学研究领域的所谓“人生艺术化”而实际上却是与现实人生分离的一种高蹈的理论。由此,在区分“需要”与“欲望”这两个概念的基础上,可以看到美与“作为一个人的人”的生存活动的不可分离性,即美是人的生存的一种不可缺少的精神需求。     

基于重度增加法的岩坡破坏过程流形元分析

考虑岩体边坡滑动大变形破坏特性和现有研究分析手段,提出利用第一作者团队开发研制的Geo SM A-3D,在现场岩体结构信息采集的基础上,建立岩体边坡空间数值模型,实体表征岩体三维模型;利用现代数值流形法(NMM)模拟岩体大变形破坏分析手段,在块体理论的基础上,运用有限元分析中经常用到的重度增加法,不断增加岩体的重度,直到岩体边坡中的"关键块体"产生滑动,使边坡发生大变形破坏;同时以最危险"关键块体"水平位移随重度增加发生突变为破坏依据,对边坡的安全系数进行评定.实例分析某边坡工程的破坏过程,实现了岩体边坡大变形数字表征,为边坡支护提出解决方案,为工程施工和边坡灾害的处置提供参考和借鉴.     

“CAM-Brain” ATR's artificial brain project

This paper reports on progress made in the first 3 years of ATR's “CAM-Brain” Project, which aims to use “evolutionary engineering” techniques to build/grow/evolve a RAM-and-cellular-automata based artificial brain consisting of thousands of interconnected neural network modules inside special hardware such as MIT's Cellular Automata Machine “CAM-8”, or NTT's Content Addressable Memory System “CAM-System”. The states of a billion (later a trillion) 3D cellular automata cells, and millions of cellular automata rules which govern their state changes, can be stored relatively cheaply in giga(tera)bytes of RAM. After 3 years work, the CA rules are almost ready. MIT's “CAM-8” (essentially a serial device) can update 200,000,000 CA cells a second. It is possible that NTT's “CAM-System” (essentially a massively parallel device) may be able to update a trillion CA cells a second. Hence all the ingredients will soon be ready to create a revolutionary new technology which will allow thousands of evolved neural network modules to be assembled into artificial brains. This in turn will probably create not only a new research field, but hopefully a whole new industry, namely “brain building”. Building artificial brains with a billion neurons is the aim of ATR's 8 year “CAM-Brain” research project, ending in 2001.     

Torsional Vibration of Roller Oscillating Tooth Gear Drive

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｏｌｌｅｒｏｓｃｉｌｌａｔｉｎｇｔｏｏｔｈｇｅａｒｄｒｉｖｅ (ＲＯＴＧＤ)ｉｓａｎｅｗｔｙｐｅｏｆｓｍａｌｌｔｅｅｔｈｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｐｌａｎｅｔａｒｙｇｅａｒｄｒｉｖｅ .Ｉｔｓｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｍａｌｌｖｏｌｕｍｅ ,ｃｏｍｐａｃｔｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ ,ｈｉｇｈｌｏａｄｃａｐａｃｉｔｙ ,ｈｉｇｈｔｒａｎｓ ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ .Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ ,ｉｔｉｓｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｂｅｗｉｄｅｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｆｉｅｌｄｓ…     

融合装配信息的三维装配模型检索方法

针对现有三维装配模型检索方法存在语义不符、准确性低、检索效率低等问题,提出一种融合装配信息的三维装配模型检索方法.首先,进行装配信息检索,利用符号化的编码表示装配信息,查找零件的编码以找出符合装配设计意图的三维模型.然后,利用装配零件之间存在的共轭关系,将装配零件的几何检索转化为查找符合共轭子图的属性邻接图,通过零件的属性邻接图进行模型检索.最后,利用频繁子图挖掘方法,提取出满足共轭子图的属性邻接图,用作模型的重用.实验结果表明:该方法能够较好地实现三维装配模型的检索,可以有效地支持面向装配零件的模型重用.     

孔道结构对有序介孔炭电化学性能的影响

以三嵌段共聚物（F127）为模板剂,间苯二酚（R）和甲醛（F）为碳前驱体,在外加的酸性条件下通过自组装的方法制得了F127/RF复合材料,然后经碳化处理得到具有高度有序孔道结构的介孔炭材料（OMCs）,通过XRD、TEM、N₂吸/脱附手段(77K低温下)对其进行结构表征。测试结果表明有序介孔炭材料的BET比表面积和总孔体积分别为770m²/g和0.65cm³/g。以有序介孔炭材料为电极制备超级电容器,对其进行直流恒流充放电测试、循环伏安测试和交流阻抗测试,结果显示在电流密度为0.02A/g时OMC-3比容量为130F/g,100次充放电循环后电容量保持率在99%以上。     

中国武术格斗技理管窥——基于明清武术典籍引兵法论武技之范例研究

  ［摘要］基于8篇明清武术典籍引用《孙子兵法》等古典兵法论武技的范例研究表明,中国武术格斗技理博大精深。它既有“武必有势、势变藏法”之“势法”技理、“审势趋危、避实击虚”之“审势”技理,亦有“示形诱敌、不致于人”之“调敌”技理、“进锐退速、势险节短”之“乘势”技理、“常山蛇势、形圆不败”之“整合”技理。其中,“势法”为基,凡武必有势而藏法,无势法则无谓武术,而“审势”重在弱点突破,“调敌”旨在造势设伏,“乘势”贵在节奏到位,“整合”要在身法统领,它们各有所侧重,亦有所交融。以《孙子兵法》为代表的中国古典兵法,是中国武术格斗技法理论的重要源泉,明清武术典籍堪称运用古典兵法妙论武术技理的垂范之作。     

滚子包络环面蜗杆传动副装配误差分析

为了掌握装配误差对滚子包络环面蜗杆传动副齿面接触的影响规律,基于齿轮啮合原理和微分几何原理,在滚子包络环面蜗杆传动副的理论啮合几何学模型的基础上,建立了考虑中心距误差、蜗杆轴向误差、蜗轮轴向误差和轴交角误差等4项装配误差的传动副干涉分析模型,提出了传动副在2种干涉情况下的定量评价指标及其数值计算方法,通过实例计算验证了数学模型的正确性.实例分析结果表明:滚子包络环面蜗杆传动副的理论接触线为中间平面附近的一条空间圆柱螺旋曲线;在装配误差的各分量中,蜗杆轴向误差对接触干涉情况影响最大,蜗轮轴向误差影响最小.     

DNA双螺旋将把人类带入生物学世纪

生命科学可作为工具为其他自然科学提供研究方法和思路,并形成新学科。生命科学也可为社会科学研究提供方法和思路,用它去研究社会学和经济学,可产生“社会基因学”和 “经济基因学”。“社会基因学”即家庭是社会的密码,单位是社会的基因,社区是社会的细胞。亚当·斯密提出的“看不见的手的定律”可称为 “经济基因学第一定律”。经济和资产的数学重组、物理重组、化学重组和生物重组是经济基因学的表现形式。生物经济是以生命科学和生物技术研究开发及应用为基础,建立在生物技术产品和产业之上的经济。因此,在“人类基因组计划”之后,人类应开始实施“社会基因组计划”和“经济基因组计划”。     

Structure of the cell-puncturing device of bacteriophage T4

Bacteriophage T4 has a very efficient mechanism for infecting cells. The key component of this process is the baseplate, located at the end of the phage tail, which regulates the interaction of the tail fibres and the DNA ejection machine. A complex of gene product (gp) 5 (63K) and gp27 (44K), the central part of the baseplate, is required to penetrate the outer cell membrane of Escherichia coli and to disrupt the intermembrane peptidoglycan layer, promoting subsequent entry of phage DNA into the host. We present here a crystal structure of the (gp5-gp27)3 321K complex, determined to 2.9 A resolution and fitted into a cryo-electron microscopy map at 17 A resolution of the baseplate-tail tube assembly. The carboxy-terminal domain of gp5 is a triple-stranded beta-helix that forms an equilateral triangular prism, which acts as a membrane-puncturing needle. The middle lysozyme domain of gp5, situated on the periphery of the prism, serves to digest the peptidoglycan layer. The amino-terminal, antiparallel beta-barrel domain of gp5 is inserted into a cylinder formed by three gp27 monomers, which may serve as a channel for DNA ejection.     

圆柱滚子轴承动静态有限元分析

通过SOLIDWORKS三维软件对圆柱滚子轴承进行建模,并利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对圆柱滚子轴承进行合理的加载和求解,经过Block Lanczos方法的模态分析得到前6阶的固有频率、振型以及共振下的薄弱部位;经过加载极限动载荷值94kN下的静态分析得到工况下的最大应力值、变形值以及变形、应力的分布规律,对圆柱滚子轴承的刚度进行了校核,为轴承的结构优化提供建议和方法.