客观地认识动物克隆问题

要获得遗传物质完全相同的生物体,必须应用克隆技术。克隆（ｃｌｏｎｅ）即无性繁殖系,指单一的亲代细胞通过无性繁殖而产生的一组细胞。克隆动物是把动物的细胞核转移到成熟的去核卵细胞质内而发育成的动物个体,它可分为胚型克隆和无性克隆两种。胚型克隆动物是指用早期胚胎细胞核作供体移植、克隆所形成的动物。其主要克隆方式有胚胎分割,胎细胞核移植、胚胎干细胞核移植、胎儿成纤维细胞核移植和胚胎嵌合。目前世界上已经完成了对小鼠、家兔、山羊、绵羊、猪、牛、马等动物的胚胎分割克隆;用胚胎细胞核移植技术克隆成功了小鼠、家兔…     

小鼠体细胞核移植及ES细胞样集落分离

利用小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植并从重构胚中分离胚胎干细胞(ES)样集落,以便对体细胞核移植重构胚来源的ES细胞样集落进行研究.结果显示,小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞作为核供体,核移植重构胚激活率为60.48%(254/420),囊胚发育率为6.90%(29/420),6个囊胚中分离出ES细胞样集落,分离率为1.43%(6/420),3个ES细胞样集落能够稳定传代,至第5代时核型正常率分别为77.84%,75.18%,77.20%.分离出的ES细胞样集落具有岛屿状团状隆起结构,碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性,体外可自发分化成上皮样或梭形细胞.实验证实小鼠唇部皮肤成纤维细胞能够支持体细胞核移植重构胚发育至囊胚,并能分离出可以稳定传代的ES细胞样集落.     

实验用小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞为核供体生产转基因克隆胚胎

目的比较不同类型体细胞对生产转基因克隆胚胎效率的影响。方法利用脂质体介导的方法将质粒pEGFP-N1转染到五指山小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞,经过G418筛选后均获得了阳性细胞株。然后分别以两种类型转基因细胞以及未转基因细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,比较不同类型供体细胞克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率。结果胎儿成纤维细胞和骨髓间充质细胞克隆胚的囊胚发育率差异不显著(P>0.05,8.3%vs.7.1%);转基因胎儿成纤维细胞(9.6%)和转基因骨髓间充质细胞(9.9%)克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率差异不显著(P>0.05,9.6%vs.9.9%);每一种类型供体细胞转基因与否对克隆胚的囊胚发育率无影响(P>0.05)。结论通过体细胞核移植技术,小型猪骨髓间充质细胞与胎儿成纤维细胞均可有效地生产转基因囊胚。     

花背蟾蜍早期发育中内胚层细胞核的分化

以细胞核移植的方法,探讨花背蟾蜍早期发育中内胚层细胞核的分化。实验按供体胚胎的不同发育时期分7组,并以囊胚期动物极区细胞核的移植作对照。结果表明:原肠晚期以前的内胚层细胞核与囊胚期动物极区细胞核一样,是尚未分化的,它们仍具有发育的全能性。从神经胚期开始,细胞核有了明显的分化,但这种分化是渐进的,至摄食期的蝌蚪仍有部分细胞核保持着促使卵子发育的功能。     

克隆动物的过去、现在和将来

1999年 1 1月 1 5日 ,由北京实验动物学学会和北京生物工程学会联合举办“克隆动物的过去、现在和将来”的学术报告会 ,报告人为中国科学院发育所研究员杜淼先生。杜淼先生多年从事核移植的研究 ,1 995年他领导的课题组成功地获得了连续细胞核移植的克隆羊。在此报告中 ,杜先生分别向听众介绍克隆动物的发生、发展和目前国内外的研究现状 ,克隆动物在农业、畜牧业和医学上的应用以及基因工程中乳腺反应器的转基因动物制备和细胞工程中细胞核移植的互相结合。最早进行动物克隆的是德国科学家Ｓｐｅｒｍａｎｍ于 1 93 8年进行的。随后 ,克隆动…     

哺乳动物异种间体细胞核移植技术进展

自1997年绵羊体细胞核移植成功后,克隆技术发展迅速,克隆技术与胚胎干细胞的结合,产生了治疗性克隆的理念.文中对克隆技术的研究进展、方法和意义作了综述,并重点对哺乳类动物异种间核移植的方法技术和伦理学进行讨论.     

异种核移植技术与线粒体遗传

线粒体具有自身的遗传物质,在细胞生长发育过程中起着重要作用,但同时自身的增殖又受到细胞核的严格调控．克隆动物的线粒体遗传牵涉到治疗性克隆中干细胞的线粒体来源与组成,对干细胞在临床医学的应用有着重要影响．文中综述了线粒体遗传学的研究和异种细胞核移植中的线粒体遗传问题上,提出了异种细胞核移植研究的策略．     

哺乳动物核移植研究进展

核移植技术具有重大的生物学的意义，特别是体细胞核移植技术的成功表明动物分化的体细胞核可再程序化，哺乳动物核移植的研究虽然还存在许多问题需要解决，但在挽救濒危动物，转基因动物研究，人类器官移植等许多方面展现了广阔的应用前景．     

转基因和再克隆对克隆胚胎细胞凋亡的影响

细胞凋亡在着床前胚胎发育过程中发挥着重要作用,胚胎凋亡检测能为获得高质量的体细胞克隆胚胎提供有益信息,进而有助于提高克隆效率.用原位末端标记法对牛的转基因克隆和转基因再克隆囊胚进行了细胞凋亡检测,再克隆囊胚是利用转基因克隆牛的体细胞作为供体细胞进行体细胞核移植后获得的第二代克隆胚胎.结果表明转基因克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率显著低于非转基因克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率,而转基因克隆囊胚的细胞凋亡指数显著高于非转基因克隆胚胎的细胞凋亡指数.此外,转基因再克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率和胚胎细胞凋亡指数与非转基因克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率和胚胎细胞凋亡指数相比差异性不显著.结果表明早期的转基因克隆胚胎发育能力的减弱可能是由于供体细胞的基因转染和药物筛选过程导致的,而再克隆对其早期胚胎的发育能力没有负面影响.     

动物克隆研究进展

动物克隆随着"多莉"羊的诞生而逐渐受到人们的关注.动物克隆的核心是细胞核的再程序化.从动物克隆的技术流程、理论基础以及应用领域等方面作一综合论述.     

Developmental reprogramming after chromosome transfer into mitotic mouse zygotes

Until now, animal cloning and the production of embryonic stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer have relied on introducing nuclei into meiotic oocytes. In contrast, attempts at somatic cell nuclear transfer into fertilized interphase zygotes have failed. As a result, it has generally been assumed that unfertilized human oocytes will be required for the generation of tailored human embryonic stem cell lines from patients by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Here we report, however, that, unlike interphase zygotes, mouse zygotes temporarily arrested in mitosis can support somatic cell reprogramming, the production of embryonic stem cell lines and the full-term development of cloned animals. Thus, human zygotes and perhaps human embryonic blastomeres may be useful supplements to human oocytes for the creation of patient-derived human embryonic stem cells.     

Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells

Since the first report of live mammals produced by nuclear transfer from a cultured differentiated cell population in 1995 (ref. 1), successful development has been obtained in sheep, cattle, mice and goats using a variety of somatic cell types as nuclear donors. The methodology used for embryo reconstruction in each of these species is essentially similar: diploid donor nuclei have been transplanted into enucleated MII oocytes that are activated on, or after transfer. In sheep and goat pre-activated oocytes have also proved successful as cytoplast recipients. The reconstructed embryos are then cultured and selected embryos transferred to surrogate recipients for development to term. In pigs, nuclear transfer has been significantly less successful; a single piglet was reported after transfer of a blastomere nucleus from a four-cell embryo to an enucleated oocyte; however, no live offspring were obtained in studies using somatic cells such as diploid or mitotic fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors. The development of embryos reconstructed by nuclear transfer is dependent upon a range of factors. Here we investigate some of these factors and report the successful production of cloned piglets from a cultured adult somatic cell population using a new nuclear transfer procedure.     

Monoclonal mice generated by nuclear transfer from mature B and T donor cells

Cloning from somatic cells is inefficient, with most clones dying during gestation. Cloning from embryonic stem (ES) cells is much more effective, suggesting that the nucleus of an embryonic cell is easier to reprogram. It is thus possible that most surviving clones are, in fact, derived from the nuclei of rare somatic stem cells present in adult tissues, rather than from the nuclei of differentiated cells, as has been assumed. Here we report the generation of monoclonal mice by nuclear transfer from mature lymphocytes. In a modified two-step cloning procedure, we established ES cells from cloned blastocysts and injected them into tetraploid blastocysts to generate mice. In this approach, the embryo is derived from the ES cells and the extra-embryonic tissues from the tetraploid host. Animals cloned from a B-cell nucleus were viable and carried fully rearranged immunoglobulin alleles in all tissues. Similarly, a mouse cloned from a T-cell nucleus carried rearranged T-cell-receptor genes in all tissues. This is an unequivocal demonstration that a terminally differentiated cell can be reprogrammed to produce an adult cloned animal.     

Effects of different nuclear recipients on developmental potential of mouse somatic nuclear transfer embryos

Somatic cell nuclear transfer has been succeeded in procedures of nuclear transfer. One is single nucleartransfer, the other is serial nuclear transfer. Viable animals have been cloned in different species using both me-thods[1—6]. Different nuclear recipients and donors wereused in serial nuclear transfer, namely, transferring thenuclear of reconstructed embryo into enucleated MⅡoocytes[7], transferring the nuclear of reconstructed em-bryos at one cell stage into enucleated zygote[4] and t…     

Cloned goats (Gapra hircus) from foetal fibroblast cell lines

Mammalian cloning has been one of the most active research topics in the world. Cloning within vitro culured foetal fibroblast cells, in comparison with embryonic cells, can be used not only to theoretically study the embryonic or cellular development and differentiation in mammals, but also to utilize the unlimited fibroblast cells to produce large numbers of clonings. The preliminary results are as follows: (i) The division and development of the cloned embryos with embryonic donor cells and goat foetal fibroblast donor cells were 55%, 77% and 35%, 31%, respectively. There is no significant statistical difference between them, (ii) These studies result in the birth of two cloned goats derived from two 30-day foetal fibroblast cell lines, which are the first cloned mammals from somatic cells in China. This project has established a technological data base for the furture research on adult mammalian somatic cloning and nucleocytoplasmic interactions in animal development, and a novel technique for the cloning of animals with a high-level expression of transgene(s).     

Green fluorescent protein （GFP） transsenic pig produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Transgenic somatic cell nuclear transfer is a very promising route for producing transgenic farm animals. Research on GFP transgenic pigs can provide useful information for breeding transgenic pigs, human disease models and human organ xenotransplantation. In this study, a liposomal transfecUon system was screened and transgenic embryos were reconstructed by nuclear transfer of GFP positive cells into enucleated in vitro matured oocytes. The development of reconstructed embryos both in vitro and in vivo was observed, and GFP expression was determined. The results showed that porcine fe- tal-derived fibroblast cells cultured with 4.0 μL/mL liposome and 1.6 μg/mL plasmid DNA for 6 h resulted in the highest transfecUon rate （3.6%）. The percentage of GFP reconstructed embryos that de- veloped in vitro to the blastocyst stage was 10%. Of those the GFP positive percentage was 48%. Reconstructed transgenic embryos were transferred to 10 recipients. 5 of them were pregnant, and 3 delivered 6 cloned piglets in which 4 piglets were transgenic for the GFP as verified by both GFP protein expression and GFP DNA sequence analysis. The percentage of reconstructed embryos that resulted in cloned piglets was 1.0%; while the percentage of piglets that were transgenic was 0.7%. This is the first group of transgenic cloned pigs born in China, marking a great progress in Chinese transgenic cloned pig research.     

Molecular genetics: DNA analysis of a putative dog clone

In August 2005, Lee et al. reported the first cloning of a domestic dog from adult somatic cells. This putative dog clone was the result of somatic-cell nuclear transfer from a fibroblast cell of a three-year-old male Afghan hound into a donor oocyte provided by a dog of mixed breed. In light of recent concerns regarding the creation of cloned human cell lines from the same institution, we have undertaken an independent test to determine the validity of the claims made by Lee et al..     

Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells

Several mammals--including sheep, mice, cows, goats, pigs, rabbits, cats, a mule, a horse and a litter of three rats--have been cloned by transfer of a nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg cell (oocyte) that has had its nucleus removed. This technology has not so far been successful in dogs because of the difficulty of maturing canine oocytes in vitro. Here we describe the cloning of two Afghan hounds by nuclear transfer from adult skin cells into oocytes that had matured in vivo. Together with detailed sequence information generated by the canine-genome project, the ability to clone dogs by somatic-cell nuclear transfer should help to determine genetic and environmental contributions to the diverse biological and behavioural traits associated with the many different canine breeds.