隧道内列车着火的火焰顶棚射流温度特性研究

通过隧道列车火灾的1∶8缩尺模型实验和数值模拟,研究了列车头部、尾部等不同位置着火时火焰顶棚射流的温度特性,并与列车中部着火的情况进行了对比。结果表明:列车头部、尾部着火时,火焰顶棚射流的最高温度出现在距隧道顶δ=0.25H的位置(H为火源至顶棚的高度),中部着火时出现在δ=0.18H的位置,均不同于纯烟气顶棚射流的最高温度出现在0.01H以内的情况;火焰顶棚射流燃烧稳定后,温度沿隧道纵向变化的规律是分段的——列车头部、尾部着火时,各断面的最高温度以抛物线规律衰减,列车中部着火时各断面的最高温度则以线性规律衰减;离列车一定距离后,夹带火焰明显减少,火焰顶棚射流的最高温度都呈指数形式衰减。     

独头隧道火灾全尺寸实验研究

随着中国地下空间工程建设速度加快,在施工过程中存在的独头隧道数量逐年增加。为研究地铁施工阶段形成的独头隧道中发生火灾时的烟气蔓延特性,在某地铁隧道施工区间开展全尺寸现场火灾实验,通过分析隧道整体温度分布、风速分布、烟气层高度等参数并结合现场观测,研究烟气在独头隧道内的扩散和沉降规律。结果表明：在自然通风条件下,烟气向隧道封闭端方向扩散速度慢于向连通端方向扩散速度,扩散速度差异随火源距封闭端距离增加而减少。连通端方向的顶棚烟气温度衰减速率慢于封闭端。烟气在连通端的分布基本符合指数衰减模型,而在封闭端产生明显的蓄积现象,形成一段烟气层高度低至1.5 m以下的危险区间,为烟气控制和火灾应急中的重点区域。     

综合管廊电缆桥架火灾的温度场分布特性研究

针对综合管廊电缆火灾的危害性,建立了截面尺寸为1:1的综合管廊模型,重点研究电缆桥架火灾造成的受限空间温度场分布。结果表明：烟气的沉降作用可将垂直温度场划分为顶棚射流层、中间热烟气过渡层和底部冷空气层;封堵端口会加快顶棚烟气温度的纵向衰减速度,并分别提出了封堵侧和贯通侧的温度衰减预测模型;对于火源功率较小的电缆桥架火灾,火源功率与顶棚最大温升满足线性关系;通过建立顶棚最大温升预测模型,发现实验值与预测值之间的误差大多维持在30%以内,其中最小的预测误差为14.73%,模型的整体预测效果较好。     

综合管廊电缆桥架火灾的温度场分布特性

针对综合管廊电缆火灾的危害性,建立截面尺寸为1∶1的管廊模型,重点研究电缆火灾造成的受限空间温度场分布.结果表明:烟气的沉降作用可将垂直温度场划分为顶棚射流层、中间热烟气过渡层和底部冷空气层;封堵端口会加快顶棚烟气温度的纵向衰减速度,并分别提出封堵侧和贯通侧的顶棚温度纵向衰减预测模型;对于火源功率较小的电缆桥架火灾,火源功率与顶棚最大温升满足线性关系.通过建立顶棚最大温升预测模型,发现实验值与预测值之间的误差均能维持在37%以内,其中最小的预测误差为14.73%,模型的整体预测效果较好.     

线火源与点火源在巷道火灾中烟流特性对比

为揭示井下线火源与点火源诱导火灾的不同,达到有针对性的进行矿井火灾防治,依据两种火源类型的燃烧特性,应用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS,建立了符合井下火灾燃烧特点的矿井平巷火灾模型,模拟对比分析了两类火源在相同火灾场景下烟气运动过程、速度分布及温度衰减规律.研究结果表明:在1.2 m/s风速条件下,线火源在顶棚射流过程中烟气的水平运动速度大于点火源,烟流逆流长度较长;巷道中截面火源附近速度最大,可达3.5 m/s,由于节流作用和输送机的遮挡,上风向顶板附近及输送机后部风速减小.顶板最高温度随火源距离的增大出现衰减,且线火源的衰减速度小于点火源,竖向温度由巷道顶板向底板方向递减.因此,线火源的火灾危害性更大,在火灾防治中应该给予更高的关注.     

运动车辆对隧道火灾顶棚射流温度分布的影响

以公路隧道内小轿车着火、客车驶经火源的场景为例，依托某隧道工程建立火灾计算模型，利用重叠网格技术和火灾数值模拟方法，研究了车辆运动速度对隧道火灾温度分布的动态影响规律.结果表明:当车辆以11.11m/s的速度经过火源时，火源中心横、纵截面隧道顶部的烟气温度最低；当车辆诱导气流对温度分布的影响达到最大时，横断面烟气温度呈现出由着火车道至车辆经过车道先降低、后升高的规律；在最高温度点上游15m范围内纵向烟气温度平稳衰减，且在车速为11.11m/s时衰减速率最大.     

深水半潜式支持平台火灾烟气蔓延规律

基于火灾动力学模拟软件中的数值计算方法对深水半潜式支持平台的火灾烟气蔓延规律开展研究.根据火灾布置最不利原则设计4类火灾工况;研究烟气沿楼梯向上蔓延能力的分布规律及其对温度、能见度、CO体积分数的极值在各层甲板楼梯口分布的影响;分析火源层高度对烟气充满甲板所需时间的分布规律及烟气蔓延路径的影响.研究结果表明:随着楼梯与火源之间距离的减小,烟气沿楼梯向上蔓延的能力增强;火源层以上甲板的最高温度及能见度达到临界条件的最短时间、最高CO体积分数均位于烟气向上蔓延能力强的楼梯口;随着火源层高度的增加,烟气充满火源层以上甲板所需时间有所减少,充满火源层以下甲板所需时间有所增加.研究结果可为火灾中人员的疏散路径规划及深水半潜式支持平台的消防设计优化提供一定的理论指导依据.     

着火列车在隧道内行驶的烟气温度特性研究

地铁隧道火灾中,以列车着火的可能性较大,着火后的应急处置办法是尽量带火运行到前方车站.依据1/8缩尺模型实验结果,利用计算流体力学STAR-CD软件的动网格功能,通过求解N-S方程,对列车着火后继续向前行驶的过程中的流场特性进行了研究,分析了不同列车行驶速度和火源热释放速率对隧道内温度分布的影响,得到列车携带火源在隧道内行驶时烟气温度的分布规律和列车行驶速度对烟气温度场特性的影响.结果表明:在着火列车继续向前行驶的过程中,隧道顶棚处温度最高,沿隧道高度向下逐渐降低,且烟气没有扩散至隧道高度2 m以下的范围;列车行驶速度越大,隧道两侧的烟气扩散的速度越快,蔓延的范围也越大;若车内的人员保持在1.375 m高度以下,可以保证生命安全.研究结果对于地铁列车着火后继续在隧道中行驶时的安全研究具有一定的参考作用.     

衰减火源条件下喷淋烟气沉降特性模拟研究

改变流量建立喷淋模型,利用Tamanini公式对火源功率进行修正,通过数值模拟,研究了不同流量时,喷淋作用区火源功率及烟气层高度的变化情况.进而分析了水喷淋与火源功率衰减耦合作用对烟气沉降特性的影响.同时,对不同的火源条件,比较烟气层高度随时间的变化,探讨了引起烟气沉降的主导因素.结果表明,增加喷淋流量,火源功率衰减幅度减小,喷淋对烟气层的沉降效应增强,烟气沉降区扩大,烟气层高度降低.烟气沉降是喷淋沉降效应和浮力效应协同作用的结果,沉降出现后,烟气层高度随火源功率衰减而降低.     

纵向通风对地铁区间隧道火灾温度特性影响

以西安某地铁站区间隧道为研究对象,基于Froude相似性原理,建立1:10小尺寸实验模型,研究火源功率、纵向通风速度对隧道区间火灾时温度特性的影响,对比分析12.67,15.33和18.24 kW 3种火源功率在不同风速下的火焰形态、顶棚最大温度分布及顶棚辐射能量。研究结果表明:纵向通风会增强燃烧,增加火焰长度、降低火焰高度,同时降低隧道内温度和顶棚热辐射;当无纵向通风时,顶棚最高温度分布随火源功率呈指数函数关系,随着纵向通风风速的增加,二者相关性逐渐降低;当纵向通风风速大于1.0m/s时,隧道温度和热辐射主要受火源功率影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-