12种龙胆科植物胚胎学资料的聚类分析

本文在平均欧氏距离系数基础上，运用UPGMA法，对12种龙胆科植物胚胎学资料进行了Q型聚类分析，聚类结果如下：(1)在树系图上，12种龙胆科植物明显分为4大类，其中第一大类包括椭圆叶花锚和四数獐牙菜，双蝴蝶属的峨眉双蝴蝶和假龙胆属的黑边假龙胆则分别单独聚为第三、第四类，其它8种植物共聚为第二大类；(2)獐牙菜属的4个种在胚胎学性状上明显分化3支，其中抱茎獐牙菜、西南獐牙菜与喉毛花聚为1支，红直獐牙菜与湿生扁蕾另聚1支，四数獐牙菜与椭圆叶花锚聚为1大类：(3)龙胆属的3个种与抱茎獐牙菜、西南獐牙菜、红直獐牙菜以及喉毛花、湿生扁蕾等共聚为一大类，且存在一定的分化，东北龙胆和线叶龙胆关系密切，条纹龙胆与前两者差异较大．聚类分析结果支持将双蝴蝶属、扁蕾属以及喉毛花属作为属级处理的意见，同时认为扁蕾属、喉毛花属和花锚属在系统学上与獐牙菜属有着密切的联系，獐牙菜属在低等类群中分化出扁蕾属，在高等类群中分化出花锚属，在中等进化的类群中分化出喉毛花属，而扁蕾属则进一步分化出龙胆属．     

超声波处理抱茎獐牙菜种子萌发试验研究

为促进抱茎獐牙菜种子萌发。采用超声波、超声波和赤霉素相结合处理种子,研究其对抱茎獐牙菜种子萌发能力的影响。结果表明:超声波处理20~50 min,对种子的萌发均有促进作用,其中以超声波处理35 min效果较好,种子的发芽势和发芽率比对照相对提高59.3%和17.8%,处理种子比对照提前2~3 d发芽;超声波和赤霉素共同作用种子,产生了相长的效果,其中以超声波作用35 min、赤霉素浓度1 200 mg/kg、浸种18 h效果较好,种子的发芽势和发芽率比对照相对提高54.5%和16.5%。超声波、超声波和赤霉素相结合处理能够明显促进抱茎獐牙菜种子萌发。     

HPLC-ESI-MS~n法分析西藏秦艽花和川西秦艽花中的7种成分

目的:采用HPLC和电喷雾质谱联用技术分析西藏秦艽花与川西秦艽花中的7种化学成分.方法:液相色谱条件色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax ODS(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm);流动相:乙腈(A)-0.4%醋酸水溶液(B)进行梯度洗脱;体积流速为0.4 m L/min;检测波长254 nm;电喷雾质谱采用负离子模式采集.结果:采用HPLC-ESI-MS~n法分析西藏秦艽花和川西秦艽花中的7种成分,分别为獐牙菜苦苷、异牡荆黄素、落干酸、龙胆苦苷、异荭草苷、獐牙菜苷及6'-O-β-D-葡萄糖基龙胆苦苷.结论:HPLC-ESI-MS~n联用分析法可以鉴定分析西藏秦艽花和川西秦艽花中的7种成分,为该属植物成分的质量控制提供了科学依据.     

不同药剂浸种对芹菜种子发芽的影响

通过不同药剂处理对芹菜种子,结果表明:321mg.mL-1的PEG(6000)浸种极显著地提高了芹菜种子的发芽率、发芽势以及种子活力;NaCl、CaCl2及低浓度的赤霉素(0.01~0.1mg/mL)混合液浸种也具有相同的效果;而混合液中高浓度的赤霉素(1 mg/mL)浸种则会降低种子的发芽率、发芽势以及种子活力。     

CaCl2和甘油对瓜尔豆种子活力的影响

用不同浓度的CaCl2和甘油溶液在15℃条件下处理瓜尔豆种子24h,放人(15±1.5)℃的发芽箱中发芽.结果表明0.5%CaCl2溶液极显著提高了瓜尔豆种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数;1%的甘油和1%CaCl2也有提高种子活力的趋势,但效果不显著.     

激素对水稻陈年种子活力复苏的影响

以不同浓度的3种激素(GA3、NAA、6—BA)处理基础发芽率约为20％和60％的水稻陈种子，研究其对陈年水稻种子发芽势和发芽率的影响。结果发现，GA，对2种水稻陈种子的发芽势和发芽率影响微弱，NAA极显著的降低了2种水稻陈种子的发芽势和发芽率，6—BA处理后前者种子发芽率显著下降，后者种子发芽势极显著下降。     

空心莲子草浸提液对海菜花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以外来入侵物种空心莲子草与国家珍稀植物海菜花为研究对象,采用培养皿滤纸法研究不同浓度空心莲子草浸提液对海菜花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:海菜花种子发芽势、发芽率随浸提液浓度增高先升高后降低;当浸提液浓度为50%、30%时,种子发芽势与发芽率分别达到27.5%、82.5%;浸提液浓度为50%时对海菜花种子发芽势促进作用极显著(P0.0001);浸提液浓度为30%时对海菜花种子发芽率促进作用极显著(P0.0001)。浸提液浓度分别低于30%、10%时,海菜花幼苗的苗长与鲜重、根长均表现为促进作用。     

不同处理对濒危植物千果榄仁种子发芽的影响

以濒危植物千果榄仁种子为试材，研究了种子经过休眠破除处理和常温储藏后，不同外源激素(赤霉素、萘乙酸)和培养温度对种子发芽的影响.结果表明：生长调节剂种类和质量浓度对种子发芽率的影响极显著(P<0.01),储藏方式和培养温度对种子发芽率的影响不明显(P>0.05),影响程度由大到小依次为生长调节剂种类、生长调节剂质量浓度、培养温度、储藏方式；种子用相同质量浓度的赤霉素、萘乙酸生长调节剂处理后，在不同培养温度下培养，种子发芽率从高到低依次为休眠破除处理变温培养、休眠破除处理恒温培养、常温储藏变温培养、常温储藏恒温培养；千果榄仁种子发芽最优条件是在种子采收后，低温4℃处理30 d,用质量浓度为40 mg/L的赤霉素浸种且在光照变温15～25℃培养箱内培养.     

入侵植物粗毛牛膝菊种子形态及其萌发特性的研究

以入侵植物粗毛牛膝菊为材料,在观察其种子形态特征的基础上,研究其在不同埋种深度、不同温度条件下种子的萌发情况。结果表明:粗毛牛膝菊种子小,长仅为1.3～2.0 mm,具伞形冠毛,利于远距离传播扩散;重量轻,千粒重为0.228 6～0.230 3 g;含水量较低,为5.78%,利于储存。当埋种深度为0～2 cm时,发芽率较高、差异不显著(P0.05);当埋种深度为4～8 cm时,随着埋种深度的增加,发芽率逐渐降低,差异显著(P0.05),且种子的始见发芽时间和发芽持续时间也延长;当埋种深度为10 cm时,发芽率仅为13%,极显著的低于其他处理(P0.01)。10～35℃条件下,粗毛牛膝菊种子虽均可萌发,但在各温度下的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数之间均存在差异,25℃是其种子萌发的最适温度,发芽率达97.33%,与15℃(90.67%)、20℃(93.33%)及30℃(96.67%)时发芽率差异不显著,而与10℃(12%)和35℃(52.7%)时差异极显著(P0.01),发芽势(90%)、发芽指数(32)与10℃(0; 0.65)、15℃(57.33%; 19.8)、35℃(34%; 10.82)时差异也显著(P0.05),说明低温与高温都会影响粗毛牛膝菊种子的萌发,同时也推迟其萌发时间且出苗不整齐。     

尾叶桉Eucalyptus urophylla对8种乡土树种的化感作用

测试了尾叶桉叶片水提取液和叶片挥发物对8种乡土树种的种子萌发和幼苗根茎生长的影响,包括鸭脚木Schefflera octophylla,肖蒲桃Acmena acuminatissima,水翁Cleistocalyxoperculatus,三花冬青Ilextriflora,荷木Schima superba,小叶青冈Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia,拐枣Hovenia dulcis和火力楠Michelia maclurei,结果表明:①水提取液的母液对这8种植物的种子萌发都没有显著影响,但在幼苗的根茎生长方面,对其中的鸭脚木、肖蒲桃和三花冬青产生了显著的抑制作用,对小叶青冈和拐枣则产生了显著的促进作用;3种水提取稀释液则对所有受体植物都没有显著影响。②叶片挥发物在150 g处理以下对所有物种的种子萌发均没有显著抑制作用,在较高浓度的处理中对部分植物的种子发芽率产生了显著或极显著的抑制作用,如肖蒲桃在350 g处理时,荷木在250 g和350 g处理时都受到极显著抑制;在幼苗根茎生长方面,肖蒲桃、三花冬青、荷木、拐枣和火力楠都受到了挥发物的显著抑制作用,而鸭脚木和水翁在250 g和350 g处理中受到了显著抑制,小叶青冈只在350 g处理中受到显著抑制。总之,尾叶桉叶片挥发物的化感作用强度比水提取液的高,而幼苗根茎生长比种子萌发更易受化感物质的抑制。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-