长周期堆垛有序结构强化Mg-Zn-Y合金的组织与性能

为研究长周期堆垛有序( LPSO)结构对Mg-Zn-Y变形镁合金组织与性能的影响,通过铸造和热挤压工艺制备了Mg97Zn1Y2和Mg94Zn2Y4合金.采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及电子万能试验机等研究了2种合金在铸态、退火态以及挤压态下的显微组织和力学性能.研究结果表明,Mg97Zn1Y2和Mg94Zn2Y4合金的铸态组织均由α-Mg和18R型LPSO相构成,LP-SO相连接成网状分布在晶界.经500℃退火36 h后,Mg97 Zn1 Y2合金中部分块状LPSO相分解为细层片状,结构由18R转变为14H,但在Mg94Zn2Y4合金中未观察到LPSO相结构类型的转变.通过挤压变形,LPSO相沿挤压方向排列,合金强度得到大幅度提高,Mg97Zn1Y2和Mg94Zn2Y4合金的抗拉强度分别达到319和390 MPa.     

Effects of icosahedral phase formation on the microstructure and mechanical improvement of Mg alloys: A review

Icosahedral phase (I-phase) is a relatively excellent strengthening phase in Mg alloys. Depending on their volume fraction, the yield strength of Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloys can vary from 150 to 450 MPa at room temperature. Recently, the formation of I-phase has been considered as one of the most effective methods for developing high strength lightweight Mg alloys for automotive and aerospace applications. In this review article, a series of research work about I-phase containing Mg alloys have been systematically investigated including I-phase formation mechanism and their effects on mechanical properties of Mg alloys. Particular emphases have been given to: (1) Structure of I-phase and its orientation relationship with the a-Mg matrix. (2) Influence of alloying elements and solidification conditions on I-phase formation. (3) Effects of I-phase on microstructural evolution and mechanical improvement of Mg–Zn–Y–(Zr) alloys. Moreover, the applications of I-phase for the mechanical improvement of other Mg alloys such as AZ91 and super-lightweight Mg–Li alloys are also reviewed.     

First-principles exploration of the stabilization mechanism of long-period stacking ordered structures in high performance Al alloys

Long-period stacking ordered(LPSO) structures, like 9 R, 12 R, 15 R and 18 R phases etc., play a key role in improving the mechanical properties of Al alloys. In the present study the Gaussian-Like distribution(GLD)model was utilized to investigate the effects of solute atoms(Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Li, Mg, Sc, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn) on these phase stabilizations in Al alloys by first-principles calculations. The interaction energies between solute atoms and these phases were strictly calculated. The results suggested that the solute segregations showed different characteristics in these phase structures, and solute atoms(Ga, Ge, Si, Sn, Sr, Y) tended to segregate to the stacking fault(SF) planes of them, and Sr atom was the easiest to promote the stabilization of 15 R phase compared to other structures. High solute concentrations promoted the stabilizations of these phases, while high temperature inhibited their stabilizations. In the light of the degrees of reducing the intrinsic stacking fault energies(ISFEs), the solute atoms can be ranked by:(a) For 9 R and 12 R phases, Sr Y Sn Sc;(b) For15 R and 18 R phases, Sr Y Sc Sn. Thus, it may be concluded that Sr and Y atoms are hopeful to become the underlying candidates for exploring and exploiting high-performance Al alloys with LPSO structures.     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a large-sized ingot of Mg-9Gd-3Y-1.5Zn-0.5Zr (wt%) alloy after a lower-temperature homogenization treatment

In this paper, a large-sized ingot of Mg-9Gd-3Y-1.5Zn-0.5Zr (wt%) alloy with a diameter of 600 mm was successfully prepared by the semi-continuous casting method. The alloy was subsequently annealed at a relatively low temperature of 430℃ for 12 h as a homogenization treatment. The microstructure and room-temperature mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated systematically. The results show that the as-cast alloy contained a mass of discontinuous lamellar-shaped 18R long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases with a composition of Mg₁₀ZnY and an α-Mg matrix, along with net-shaped Mg₅(Y,Gd) eutectic compounds at the grain boundaries. Most of the eutectic compounds dissolved after the homogenization treatment. Moreover, the amount and dimensions of the lamellar-shaped LPSO phase obviously increased after the homogenization treatment. The structure of the phase transformed into 14H-type LPSO with composition Mg₁₂Zn(Y,Gd). The mechanical properties of the heat-treated large-sized alloy ingot are uniform. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and tensile yield strength (TYS) of the alloy reached 207.2 MPa and 134.8 MPa, respectively, and the elongation was 3.4%. The high performances of the large-sized alloy ingot after the homogenization treatment is attributed to the strengthening of the α-Mg solid solution and to the plentiful LPSO phase distributed over the α-Mg matrix.     

Effects of Zn content on the microstructure and the mechanical and corrosion properties of as-cast low-alloyed Mg–Zn–Ca alloys

The effects of Zn content on the microstructure and the mechanical and corrosion properties of as-cast low-alloyed Mg–xZn–0.2Ca alloys (x=0.6wt%, 2.0wt%, 2.5wt%, hereafter denoted as 0.6Zn, 2.0Zn, and 2.5Zn alloys, respectively) are investigated. The results show that the Zn content not only influences grain refinement but also induces different phase precipitation behaviors. The as-cast microstructure of the 0.6Zn alloy is composed of α-Mg, Mg₂Ca, and Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ phases, whereas 2.0Zn and 2.5Zn alloys only contain α-Mg and Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ phases, as revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Moreover, with increasing Zn content, both the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the elongation to fracture first increase and then decrease. Among the three investigated alloys, the largest UTS (178 MPa) and the highest elongation to fracture (6.5%) are obtained for the 2.0Zn alloy. In addition, the corrosion rate increases with increasing Zn content. This paper provides an updated investigation of the alloy composition–microstructure–property relationships of different Zn-containing Mg–Zn–Ca alloys.     

Y对Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr铸造镁合金组织和性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X线衍射仪等分析研究Y对Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr铸造镁合金组织和性能的影响,并测试其室温力学性能.研究结果表明:Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr-xY(x=0,0.6％,1.2％,1.8％,质量分数)合金铸态组织主要由α-Mg和Mg12(NdaZn1-a)相组成,Y元素主要固溶在α-Mg和Mg12(NdaZn1-a)相中;合金经530℃/14h固溶处理后组织由α-Mg、残余的少量Mg12(NdaZn1-a)相以及方块状Mg24RE5相组成;固溶态合金经200℃/12h时效处理后有大量尺寸为10nm左右的β'和β”析出相生成,能有效地强化基体;随Y质量分数增加,合金室温抗拉强度和屈服强度逐渐上升,最高分别达到271 MPa和161 MPa,较基础Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr合金有较大幅度提高.     

Corrosion mechanism of micro-arc oxidation treated biocompatible AZ31 magnesium alloy in simulated body fluid

The rapid degradation of magnesium(Mg) based alloys has prevented their further use in orthopedic trauma fixation and vascular intervention,and therefore it is essential to investigate the corrosion mechanism for improving the corrosion resistance of these alloys. In this work, the effect of applied voltage on the surface morphology and the corrosion behavior of micro-arc oxidation(MAO) with different voltages were carried out to obtain biocompatible ceramic coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy. The effects of applied voltage on the surface morphology and the corrosion behavior of MAO samples in the simulated body fluid(SBF) were studied systematically. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffractometer(XRD)were employed to characterize the morphologies and phase compositions of coating before and after corrosion. The results showed that corrosion resistance of the MAO coating obtained at 250 V was better than the others in SBF. The dense layer of MAO coating and the corrosion precipitation were the key factors for corrosion behavior. The corrosion of precipitation Mg(OH)2and the calcium phosphate(Ca–P) minerals on the surface of MAO coatings could enhance their corrosion resistance effectively. In addition, the mechanism of MAO coated Mg alloys was proposed.     

Mg-Zn-Ce非晶合金力学与耐蚀性能的研究

镁合金作为生物可降解材料具有很多优势,但传统多晶镁合金腐蚀速率过快的问题限制了其更广泛的应用。与多晶镁合金相比,非晶态镁合金因具有独特的无定形结构,使其耐腐蚀能力比多晶镁合金的要好。采用铜辊甩带法制备得到了新型Mg_70−xZn₃₀Ce_x（x=2, 4, 6和8）非晶镁合金,并对其进行了力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的研究。结果表明：x为4和6时,Mg-Zn-Ce非晶合金的非晶形成能力最好;Ce的添加可以有效改善镁基非晶合金的脆性,使其弹性模量低于60 MPa,与人骨相似,从而能有效避免植入后因弹性模量过大导致的应力遮蔽效应的产生;同时,Ce的添加显著地提高了合金的耐腐蚀性,使其开路电位达到-0.2 V,腐蚀电流密度低至10^-6 A/cm²。     

Solidification,microstructure, and mechanical properties of the as-cast ZRE1 magnesium alloy with different praseodymium contents

The influence of praseodymium (Pr) content on the solidification characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of ZRE1 magnesium (Mg) cast alloy was investigated. The obtained solidification parameters showed that Pr strongly affected the solidification time, leading to refinement of the microstructure of the alloys. When the freezing time was reduced to approximately 52 s, the grain size decreased by 12%. Mg₁₂Zn (Ce,Pr) was formed as a new phase upon the addition of Pr and was detected via X-ray diffraction analysis. The addition of Pr led to a substantial improvement in mechanical properties, which was attributed to the formation of intermetallic compounds; the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased by approximately 10% and 13%, respectively. Pr addition also refined the microstructure, and the hardness was recovered. The results herein demonstrate that the mechanical properties of Mg alloys are strongly influenced by their microstructure characteristics, including the grain size, volume fraction, and distribution of intermetallic phases.     

Solidification,microstructure, and mechanical properties of the as-cast ZRE1 magnesium alloy with different praseodymium contents

The influence of praseodymium(Pr) content on the solidification characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of ZRE1 magnesium(Mg) cast alloy was investigated. The obtained solidification parameters showed that Pr strongly affected the solidification time, leading to refinement of the microstructure of the alloys. When the freezing time was reduced to approximately 52 s, the grain size decreased by 12%. Mg_(12)Zn(Ce,Pr) was formed as a new phase upon the addition of Pr and was detected via X-ray diffraction analysis. The addition of Pr led to a substantial improvement in mechanical properties, which was attributed to the formation of intermetallic compounds; the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased by approximately 10% and 13%, respectively. Pr addition also refined the microstructure, and the hardness was recovered. The results herein demonstrate that the mechanical properties of Mg alloys are strongly influenced by their microstructure characteristics, including the grain size, volume fraction, and distribution of intermetallic phases.     

Toward the development of Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and ductility by refining grain size via the deformation process

Magnesium(Mg) alloys, as the lightest metal engineering materials, have broad application prospects.However, the strength and ductility of traditional Mg alloys are still relativity low and difficult to improve simultaneously.Refining grain size via the deformation process based on the grain boundary strengthening and the transition of deformation mechanisms is one of the feasible strategies to prepare Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility.In this review, the effects of grain size on the strength and ductility of Mg alloys are summarized, and fine-grained Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility developed by various severe plastic deformation technologies and improved traditional deformation technologies are introduced.Although some achievements have been made, the effects of grain size on various Mg alloys are rarely discussed systematically and some key mechanisms are unclear or lack direct microscopic evidence.This review can be used as a reference for further development of high-performance fine-grained Mg alloys.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of an Al-Mg alloy processed by the cyclical continuous expanded extrusion and drawing approach

Al-Mg alloys are an important class of non-heat treatable alloys in which Mg solute and grain size play essential role in their mechanical properties and plastic deformation behaviors.In this work,a cyclical continuous expanded extrusion and drawing(CCEED)process was proposed and implemented on an Al-3Mg alloy to introduce large plastic deformation.The results showed that the continuous expanded extrusion mainly improved the ductility,while the cold drawing enhanced the strength of the alloy.With the increased processing CCEED passes,the multi-pass cross shear deformation mechanism progressively improved the homogeneity of the hardness distributions and refined grain size.Continuous dynamic recrystallization played an important role in the grain refinement of the processed Al-3Mg alloy rods.Besides,the microstructural evolution was basically influenced by the special thermomechanical deformation conditions during the CCEED process.     

Toward the development of Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and ductility by refining grain size via the deformation process

Magnesium(Mg) alloys, as the lightest metal engineering materials, have broad application prospects.However, the strength and ductility of traditional Mg alloys are still relativity low and difficult to improve simultaneously.Refining grain size via the deformation process based on the grain boundary strengthening and the transition of deformation mechanisms is one of the feasible strategies to prepare Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility.In this review, the effects of grain size on the strength and ductility of Mg alloys are summarized, and fine-grained Mg alloys with high strength and high ductility developed by various severe plastic deformation technologies and improved traditional deformation technologies are introduced.Although some achievements have been made, the effects of grain size on various Mg alloys are rarely discussed systematically and some key mechanisms are unclear or lack direct microscopic evidence.This review can be used as a reference for further development of high-performance fine-grained Mg alloys.     

钴基合金在液锌中的腐蚀磨损性能

通过对几种钴基合金进行静态腐蚀、力学性能测试和腐蚀磨损试验,对其耐液锌磨蚀机理进行探究．试验结果表明,材料的韧性增加有助于提高其耐磨性．合金中的Si对材料的微观结构、机械性能及耐锌液腐蚀有很大影响．随着Si含量的增加,合金由亚共晶转变为过共晶,先析出相由钴基固溶体变为树枝状的Laves相．合金的塑性降低,脆性升高,但耐液锌腐蚀性能提高．在液锌中,过共晶钴基合金的磨蚀性能比亚共晶钴基合金要好,干磨损时结果恰好相反．钴基合金的磨蚀机制主要是材料的塑性变形、脆性断裂和磨粒磨损．     

La对AlSi10Cu0.2Mg0.2Mn和ZnAl12Cu1(Mg)铸造合金力学性能的影响

利用Al-La中间合金制备了AlSi10Cu0.2Mg0.2Mn-x La和Zn Al12Cu1(Mg)-x La铸造合金,考察了不同的La含量对合金组织和抗拉强度、伸长率、冲击强度等性能的影响.研究结果表明:微量稀土La可以细化合金的晶粒,改变Si相晶粒大小和形状.与未添加La的合金相比,含有微量稀土La的AlSi10Cu0.2Mg0.2Mn-x La合金和Zn Al12Cu1(Mg)-x La合金具有更优良的力学性能.当AlSi10Cu0.2Mg0.2Mn铸造合金中La添加量为0.15%(质量分数)时,铸造合金的伸长率增加2.7倍.含有0.1%(质量分数)La的Zn Al12Cu1(M g)-x La合金抗拉强度和伸长率相比于未添加稀土La的合金,分别增强1.3倍和3.2倍.含有0.3%(质量分数)La时Zn Al12Cu1(Mg)-x La的硬度增强1.8倍,但冲击强度是含有0.15%(质量分数)La时最高.综合考虑Zn Al12Cu1(Mg)-x La铸造合金的机械性能,稀土La的最优添加量为0.1%~0.2%(质量分数).     

稀土对Al-Zn-Mg合金力学性能和应力腐蚀的影响

将0.06%稀土加入到Al-Zn-Mg合金中, 固溶处理后在150 ℃下时效. 在峰时效条件下 , 观察稀土对其力学性能和抗应力腐蚀断裂性能的影响. 结果表明, 稀土的加入使硬度峰值出现的时间提前, 并使硬度峰值、 屈服强度、 抗拉强度、 延伸率和抗应力腐蚀断裂的能力增加. 金相观察和X射线衍射结果表明, 稀土的加入减小了晶粒尺寸, 促进了强化相MgZn₂的析出, 此外稀土还能够明显减少合金中的 氢含量.     

轧制方式对镁合金生体腐蚀行为的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、浸泡质量损失和拉伸测试等手段研究了轧制方式(常规轧制和一道次高应变速率轧制)对镁合金(纯镁,Mg-4Zn,Mg-4Zn-0.3Ca和ZK60)在Hank’s溶液中腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:与常规轧制态相比,高应变速率轧制态镁合金在长时间浸泡过程中平均腐蚀速率较低,抗拉强度下降幅度较小,耐腐蚀性能明显提高,可归因于晶粒细化、再结晶程度较高、孪晶较少和残余第二相相对粗大等;轧制态合金中第二相较少且较细小,表现为相对均匀的丝状腐蚀.     

滑动摩擦加工挤压Mg-Dy-Ni合金的显微组织、力学及腐蚀性能

研究了滑动摩擦加工(SFT)Mg-12Dy-1.1Ni(wt.%)合金的显微组织、力学及腐蚀性能.结果表明:SFT细化了挤压合金表层的晶粒,碎化了LPSO相和Mg₂₄Dy₅颗粒相并促使其均匀分布.SFT同时提高了挤压合金的力学和腐蚀性能.SFT合金具有较高的最大抗拉强度(δ_UTS=356 MPa)和延伸率(ε=25%).SFT合金高的拉伸性能主要来自晶粒细化、18R-LPSO相的弥散强化和14H-LPSO相的析出强化.与挤压合金相比,SFT合金在0.1 mol NaCl溶液中浸泡1 h的失重率从3.02 mg/cm²/h降低到1.86 mg/cm²/h,腐蚀电流密度降低到2.98 mA/cm²,SFT合金良好的腐蚀性能与合金元素及第二相颗粒的均匀分布有关.     

Mg2Ca相对镁合金形变和失效机理的影响

采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,在分析Mg-Ca合金中Mg基质和Mg_2Ca稳定相机械性能基础上,对比揭示了Mg_2Ca对多晶镁合金形变和失效机理的影响.特定方向的单轴载荷下,单晶Mg伴随着活跃的锥面c+a和柱面a位错,有显著塑性形变.单晶Mg_2Ca无明显塑性形变,高刚度且脆性强烈.对比多晶Mg/Mg_2Ca复合材料的微观结构,在塑性形变过程中,Mg_2Ca晶粒因其高刚度能减少合金位错并阻断相邻Mg基质中活跃的基面a和锥面c+a位错的传播,从而锚定周围原子.而较弱的Mg/Mg_2Ca界面容易产生裂缝,引起晶间断裂,最终使多晶镁合金失效.     

铸态Mg-2Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr-xY镁合金组织及力学性能

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X线衍射分析(XRD)及力学性能测试等手段,研究不同含量稀土元素Y(4%,6%,8%,质量分数)对Mg-2%Nd-0.2%Zn-0.4%Zr镁合金铸态显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:在Mg-2%Nd-0.2%Zn-0.4%Zr镁合金中添加Y可以明显细化合金晶粒,其中加入6%Y时效果最佳;合金晶粒粒径由100μm细化至35μm。未添加稀土元素的Mg-2%Nd-0.2%Zn-0.4Zr铸态合金中主要存在Mg12Nd相;加入稀土元素Y后,Nd和Y分别以Mg41Nd5和Mg24Y5化合物形式存在,合金的力学性能得到提高。其中加入6%Y的合金综合力学性能最好,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高至245 MPa和150 MPa,而伸长率大幅提高至16%,较未加稀土元素Y的合金提高191%;当Y含量达到8%时,合金综合力学性能下降。