吸气喷液对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

通过对采用吸气喷液的热泵热水器循环过程进行理论分析,建立了压缩机吸气温度、排气温度、机组制热量、功耗及能效比等性能参数与吸气喷液量的关系,研究了不同喷液量对机组性能参数的影响.试验分析了不同运行工况下,吸气喷液引起的热泵热水器性能参数变化趋势,并与计算结果进行了对比分析.研究表明:采用吸气喷液对降低压缩机排气温度具有比较明显的效果,但同时也降低了机组制热量和能效比,提高了功耗;喷液量比例应该控制在5%以下;吸气喷液对于热泵热水器在低环境温度下运行具有较好的综合效果;在环境温度低于20℃运行时,采用吸气喷液可以降低压缩机排气温度10℃以上,机组制热量下降幅度小于5%,功耗上升幅度小于1.5%,能效比降低幅度低于7%.     

大型高温出水热泵机组的实验研究

我国现有的大型热泵机组,出水温度大多在55℃以下.设计一款既能提供65℃高出水温度,又能够稳定提供5 500kW制热量的大型热泵机组.通过实验验证,该热泵机组在提供65℃出水温度的情况下,能够稳定提供5 500kW的制热量,可有效用于使用散热器的既有建筑热源替换.在设计工况下,环境温度在-15~5℃之间变化时,热泵满负荷时COP能够达到2.35,具有较大的能效比.随着蒸发温度的升高,热泵COP还会继续提高.实验还表明,热水流量对COP也有较大影响,当达到设计流量950t/h时,热泵COP最大.     

制冷剂中间排出式双温热泵性能研究

为满足双温供热的需要,提出了新型滚动转子压缩机制冷剂中间排出的双温冷凝热泵系统,并建立了系统模型,以R1234yf为制冷剂对系统进行了计算和分析.结果表明：随着相对中间排气量的增大,压缩机功耗下降,制热性能相应上升;随着蒸发温度的升高,压缩机的吸气流量增加,压缩机功耗和制热性能均上升;随着中温冷凝温度的升高,压缩机功耗上升,制热性能下降;随着高温冷凝温度的升高,压缩机功耗和制热性能同样分别呈现上升和下降的趋势.当蒸发温度为5℃,中温冷凝温度为40℃,高温冷凝温度为65℃,相对中间排气量为28%时,双温冷凝热泵系统的制热性能较传统单冷凝热泵系统提升接近11%.     

自然工质CO2在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统中换热特性的时间序列分析

为研究自然工质CO₂在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性,引入有限时间热力学与分析方法,采用MATLAB/SIMULINK进行仿真,建立了自然工质CO₂在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统的时间序列模型,模拟和测试了自然工质CO₂在风冷热泵复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性,并与自然工质CO₂单制冷系统及原风冷热泵复合冷凝系统的性能做了对比。结果表明:制热水模式下,两个风冷热泵复合冷凝系统的效率都随用户要求的卫生热水水温温度升高而降低;达到用户需要水温53 ℃时,自然工质CO₂风冷热泵复合冷凝系统卫生热水机组运行约需18 min,而R22风冷热泵复合冷凝系统约为30 min。复合冷凝模式下自然工质CO₂风冷热泵系统的COP(coefficient of performance)为4.7左右,比R22风冷热泵系统略高。     

变冷凝工况地热有机朗肯循环发电系统

针对有机朗肯循环发电系统中冷凝介质温度随环境温度变化而变化,地热源载热流体参数恒定的问题,采用EES软件计算分析了饱和有机朗肯循环发电系统在使用工质R245fa和R601a时输出净功随冷凝介质温度变化的规律,同时分析了膨胀机最佳入口温度、膨胀比和工质流量3个主要参数的变化。结果表明：当地热流体温度为130 ℃,冷凝介质温度从30 ℃降到0 ℃时,有机工质在膨胀机入口的最佳温度升高且波动幅度达15 ℃,同时系统净输出功增长达120%;工质质量流量增加超过30%,膨胀比增大约2倍。     

R134a和R407c对热泵空调系统性能的影响

为了比较R134a和R407c两种制冷剂对热泵空调系统性能的影响,对热泵空调系统分别充注以上两种制冷剂,在焓差实验室分别测试它们在蒸发温度(-25~15℃)、冷凝温度(30~70℃)下的排气温度、制冷量、制热量、输入功率和COP。通过试验结果分析得出:蒸发温度对制冷量和制热量的影响大,冷凝温度对压缩机输入功率影响大;空调冬季供热时,R407c的平均COP比R134a高27.6%;空调夏季制冷时,R134a的平均COP比R407c高4.3%。因此,空调系统在低温环境运行时应选择R407c,而空调系统在高温环境运行时则选择R134a。     

氟系替代工质R407C和R410A与R22在复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性对比研究

目前复合冷凝技术已经形成了行业标准,替代制冷剂在复合冷凝系统中的应用特性研究是一种趋势。有限时间热力学方法和分析方法和SIMULINK软件被引入建立氟系替代制冷剂R407C和R410A在复合冷凝系统的仿真模型,其对象为风冷热泵复合冷凝过程。氟系替代制冷剂R407C和R410A在复合冷凝系统中的热力学特性被模拟,并与原R22系统的性能做了对比。结果表明:R410A复合冷凝系统卫生热水水温上升速度比R22系统快,20 min时上升到约60℃,而R407C复合冷凝系统卫生热水上升速度比R22复合冷凝系统慢,约需50 min水温达到47℃左右。系统效率随用户要求的卫生热水水温温度升高而降低。R410A复合冷凝系统比R22复合冷凝系统略高3%～5%,而R407C复合冷凝系统比R22复合冷凝系统略低。     

采用关联模型的离心压缩机喘振工况数值研究

为了研究管网系统特性对离心式压缩机喘振的影响,建立了包含温度项的关联模型,将管网效应耦合到压缩机出口的边界条件中,实现了压缩机系统从稳定工况到喘振工况的数值模拟。对一离心压缩机流道和无叶扩压器流场进行了非定常数值模拟,结合关联模型得到喘振时压缩机出口处压力及质量流量脉动随时间的变化情况,分析了管网容量、管网出口流量等管网参数对压缩机系统喘振的影响。模拟结果显示:所建模型能捕捉到喘振工况下压缩机出口的参数变化特征;随着管网容量的增大或管网出口质量流量的减小,压缩机出口流量、总压波动幅值增大,工况向喘振振荡特性转变;管网容量对失速频率影响较大,而管网出口流量的变化对压缩机的失速频率影响较小。该研究对进一步分析压缩机管网系统相互影响和喘振预测具有参考价值。     

R410A/R134a双级耦合热泵系统最优中间水温实验研究

在低温工况下,双级耦合热泵系统可克服常规空气源热泵系统运行时制热量下降、系统性能系数(COP)降低等系统性能恶化的问题。当系统的其他参数不变时,耦合系统性能受中间水箱水温的影响。基于双级耦合热泵系统的简单分析,以R410A和R134a的双级耦合热泵机组为实验平台,在高温级冷凝温度50～75℃、低温级蒸发温度-30～-10℃及中间水温15～35℃的各种工况下,对影响最优中间水温的主要因素进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:当其他参数不变、中间水温发生变化时,系统COP呈现先增大后减小的趋势,系统最大COP值对应的最优中间水温始终是存在的。结合实验数据,可以发现:最优中间水温随低温级蒸发温度、高温级冷凝温度的上升而升高,其中低温级蒸发温度对最优中间水温的影响更大。在改变外部因素环境温度和供水温度的工况下,通过大量实验数据,拟合得到以蒸发温度和冷凝温度为自变量的最优中间水温的函数关联式,对优化R410A/R134a双级耦合热泵系统的实际运行具有一定指导作用。     

寒冷藏族地区户用太阳能辅助热泵系统供热性能研究

对采用太阳能辅助热泵(SAHP)驱动的为香格里拉寒冷藏族地区提供冬季室内采暖及全年生活热水的供热系统进行了实验测试研究.实验结果表明,与单一空气源热泵系统相比,太阳能提供的热量日平均为21.9 MJ,太阳能辅助热泵系统全年节能约87.2%;当室外环境温度分别为-7℃、2℃和7℃时,太阳能辅助热泵系统制热量和COP分别提高约16.2%、14.1%、11.5%和19.0%、10.6%、5.5%.对太阳能辅助热泵系统进行了经济性分析,提出了降低系统投资和运行费用的方法.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to