Analysis for Influence of Market Information on Firms＇ Optimal Strategies in Multidimensional Bertrand Game

The Bertrand model of two firms‘ static multidimensional game with incomplete information for two kinds of product with certain substitution is discussed in the paper,and analyzes influences of the firms‘ forecasting results of total market demands on their optimal strategies according to marxet information. The conclusions are that the more a firm masters market information, the greater differences of forecasted values and expected values of market demands for products have influence upon equilibrium strategies; conversely, the less they have influence upon equilibrium strategies.     

COMPETITIVE INVESTMENT STRATEGIES IN ADOPTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY WITH A FURTHER NEW TECHNOLOGY ANTICIPATED

In dynamic uncertain environments, the investment timing of the firm about adopting the existing new technology is influenced by the rival's actions and technological progress. This paper employs option games approach to present a simplified duopoly continuous time model of technology adoption. In the model, the irreversible investment in adoption of the existing new technology is in strategic competitive circumstances and facing the threat of a further new technology after the competition setting is established. The purpose of the paper is to examine the effect of technological displacement on firms' strategic investment. The results show that rapid displacement of the technology encourages the leader's investment and discourages the follower's investment. Comparing with the optimal timing without the expectation of a further new technology, the firm hastens to invest when no firm has invested; however, once one firm has invested first, the firm will delay its investment. Using mixed strategy analysis,     

Government policies and corporate financing decisions in China: Theory and evidence

This paper examines the effect of government policies on the financing decisions of firms in China. A real options model is developed to understand how fiscal and monetary policies affect corporate leverage.The model predictions will be tested with a comprehensive panel data set spanning from 2002 to 2011.This work documents robust evidence that show the positive association of both tax and risk-free rate with firm leverage:increase in tax rate and risk free rate by one standard deviation results in the increase in corporate leverages by 0.61 to 1.06 percent and 2.54 to 3.68 percent,respectively.In addition,the productions of the firms are not affected by the tax rate in the short run,and the firms are operating in their optimal market leverage.The implied tax rate and risk free rate are solved by assuming that the firms achieve their optimal leverages.The implied tax rate declines with the size, whereas the opposite goes for implied risk-free rate.     

Optimal Grading Policies in the Online Acquisition of Used Products

Although online reverse commerce(recommerce)is convenient and efficient,it is not without caveats.It limits recommerce firms’flexibility to offer personalized prices and may cause mismatched grading between the firms and sellers of used products.This study examines a recommerce firm’s decision on grading criteria and prices.We find that the firm’s optimal policy exhibits two distinctly different patterns depending on the trade value of the product.We demonstrate that sellers’overestimate and underestimate errors have qualitatively different effects on firm profitability,and the effects crucially rely on the type of optimal policy.These findings can apprise firms on how to preset sorting criteria and prices as well as reduce grading errors.     

系族化经营与企业创新——来自集团附属上市公司的经验证据

Although familized-affiliated enterprises are common in the capital market, there is a lack of evidence on whether their innovation performance is better than that of only-child group-affiliated enterprises. This paper divided the listed companies affiliated to the Chinese group into familized group-affiliated enterprises and only-child group-affiliated enterprises, and examined the differences in innovation performance between the two types of organizations. It is found that the innovation performance of familized group-affiliated enterprises is significantly higher than that of only-child group-affiliated enterprises, and the innovation performance advantage of the familized group affiliation is more obvious in private than in state-owned enterprises. Moreover, the more the business of a familized group-affiliated firm is related to that of its parent company, the better the innovation performance of the affiliated firm will be. Conversely, the higher the diversification of a familized group, the lower the innovation performance of its affiliated firms will be. This paper shows that the familized group affiliation promotes the innovation of the affiliated enterprise. The findings enrich the understanding of the impact of the familized group on the innovation of affiliated firms, and have important practical implications for the innovation management of the group enterprise.     

Optimal investment and proportional reinsurance in the Sparre Andersen model

From the insurer’s point of view,this paper studies the optimal investment and proportional reinsurance in the Sparre Andersen model.Under the criterion of maximizing the adjustment coefficient, the authors obtain the closed form expressions of the optimal strategy and the maximal adjustment coefficient,and derive the explicit expression of the ruin probability or its lower bound when the claim sizes are exponentially distributed.Some numerical examples are presented,which show the impact of model parameters on the optimal values.It can also be seen that the optimal strategy to maximize the adjustment coefficient is sometimes equivalent to those which minimize the ruin probability.     

The Effect of Green Technology Adoption Strategy on Duopoly Competition

Given consumers' trade-offs between conventional economic and environmental attributes of products, we provide a game-theoretic model to explore the role of GTA strategy in duopoly competition by incorporating two salient features: Two product types — The green product produced by a firm with GTA strategy and the ordinary product produced by a firm without GTA strategy, and two consumer segments, i.e., the green consumers who are willing to pay for green products and the ordinary consumers who are willing to pay for ordinary products. Our analysis shows that GTA strategy may either increase or decrease the green firm's quality provision. The subtle relationship between the green firm's quality strategy and GTA strategy not only affects its own equilibrium performances but its rival's. We also find that two consumer segments may be better off in the presence of a lower GTA intensity. Additionally, although the GTA strategy benefits the environment, the GTA investment is not the more the better. Finally, we find that GTA strategy would lead to higher social welfare only when the GTA efficiency is high enough. Our work not only provides an alternative economic explanation why some firms choose to implement GTA strategy and some do not in reality, but gives managerial insights for firms with different GTA strategies as well as policy insights for the social planner.     

American continuous-installment options of barrier type

This paper analyzes and values an American barrier option with continuous payment plan written on a dividend paying asset under the classical Black-Scholes model.The integral representation of the initial premium along with the delta hedge parameter for an American continuous-installment down-and-out call option are obtained by using the decomposition technique.This offers a system of nonlinear integral equations for determining the optimal exercise and stopping boundaries,which can be utilized to approximate the option price and delta hedge parameter.The implementation is based on discretizing the quadrature formula in the system of equations and using the Newton-Raphson method to compute the two optimal boundaries at each time points.Numerical results are provided to illustrate the computational accuracy and the effects on the initial premium and optimal boundaries with respect to barrier.     

Optimal Policy for Remanufacturing Firms with Carbon Options under Service Requirements

This paper studies the procurement management of carbon financial instruments and the production decisions for an emission-dependent remanufacturing firm under service requirements.In the presence of demand uncertainty,carbon emission options are introduced to hedge risks for the firm who purchases carbon financial instruments under a cap-flexible emission trading scheme(ETS)and then conducts remanufacturing.We develop three optimization models to determine the optimal remanufacturing quantity(procurement quantity of carbon financial instruments)maximizing the firm's expected profit under three contracts:a pure wholesale price contract,a pure carbon option contract,and a portfolio contract.Through analyses and comparisons of optimal solutions,we demonstrate the values of introducing carbon options and committing to service levels for the firm.Compared with the other two pure contracts,the portfolio contract makes the firm better off.However,high service requirements may lead to a profit loss to the firm.We generalize to the cases when the yield rate is dependent on the quality of used products,when the yield is stochastic,and when carbon price performs volatility.Discussion of these extensions illuminates how the variability of used product quality,yield rate and carbon price influences the firm's performances.     

STRATEGIC EXERCISE OF REAL OPTIONS：INVESTMENT DECISIONS IN TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Viewing investment projects in new technologies as real options, this paper studies the effects ofendogenous competition and asymmetric information on the strategic exercise of real options. We firstdevelop a multi-period, game-theoretic model and show how competition leads to early exercise andaggressive investment behaviors and how competition erodes option values. We then relax the typicalfull-information assumption found in the literature and allow information asymmetry to exist acrossfirms. Our model shows, in contrast to the literature that payoff is independent of the ordering ofexercise, that the sequential exercise of real options may generate both informational and payoffexternalities. We also find some surpising but interesting results such as having more information isnot necessarily better.     

不完全信息条件下企业R&D 最优投资时机的期权博弈分析

运用实物期权与博弈论相结合的方法,研究在不确定的竞争环境和不完全信息条件下企业R&D投资的最优时机.通过假设企业不知道竞争对手的抢先投资临界值但知道其概率分布引入不完全信息.研究表明,不完全信息减缓了竞争对企业R&D投资等待期权价值的侵蚀,从而延缓了企业的R&D投资.企业R&D投资的最优时机取决于企业对竞争对手抢先投资危险率的推测,危险率越高,投资越早.     

企业模块创新进入

模块化系统中模块投资的重要决策变量是投资试验次数（即设计方案的多少），投资试验次数越多获得高性能模块的可 能性越高，但成本亦愈大. 基于实物期权方法，分别对完全垄断企业和进入竞争市场的 企业模块创新投资决策行为进行研究. 研究结论表明：1）无论是完全垄断模块投资还是 进入竞争市场的模块投资，在根据不同市场规模所得到的一系列最优投资试验次数中，都存 在一个最小的最优试验次数，其对应的投资门槛值是模块投资真正的“投资门槛值”；2）模块技术潜力在完全垄断投资中不会影响最小最优试验次数和“投资门槛值”，但在新进入 企业进入竞争市场的模块投资中却会影响；3）市场规模和模块技术潜力越大、已有 模块性能和试验成本越低，新进入企业投资的模块的性能将倾向高于在位企业模块性能.     

Optimal Investment with Noise Trading Risk

This paper investigates the optimal dynamic investment for an investor who maximizes constant absolute risk aversion （CARA） utility in a discrete-time market with a riskfree bond and a risky stock. The risky stock is assumed to present both the dividend risk and the price risk. With our assumptions, the dividend risk is equivalent to fundamental risk, and the price risk is equivalent to the noise trading risk. The analytical expression for the optimal investment strategy is obtained by dynamic programming. The main result in this paper highlights the importance of differentiating between noise trading risk and fundamental risk for the optimal dynamic investment.     

考虑状态转换的最优战略调整决策与企业价值研究

宏观经济的变化影响企业战略实施效果,本文构建以状态转换强度为影响因素的企业战略调整优化决策模型.运用随机动态最优控制方法,得到两状态下企业价值解析解,企业当前价值、增长期权和托宾Q分析解,以及相应的最优投资策略.理论研究和数值模拟表明:战略状态不影响企业最优战略调整时机,但影响最优投资支出,高战略水平时,企业生产率更高,为达到并维持企业最优资本结构,企业的投资支出增多;状态转换强度影响企业最优战略调整时机、战略调整瞬时的投资支出、托宾Q值和增长期权-企业价值比值;特别地,相对战略水平阈值是转换概率的单调递增函数,转换概率越大,相对战略水平阈值越大,企业保持当前战略的时间越长.总之,考虑状态转换能够改善未考虑状态转换时制定的战略调整决策和相应投资策略.     

基于期权差异的不对称双寡头投资决策模型

在考虑建设时间、经营成本、投资成本和政府补贴均不对称的情况下,运用不对称双寡头实物期权博弈模型,构建了一个企业拥有暂停期权而另一个企业无暂停期权的双寡头企业投资决策模型.对存在的同时投资均衡、序贯投资均衡和抢先投资均衡进行了分析,给出了不同均衡情况下的企业投资策略并对其影响因素进行了分析.分析表明:暂停期权能够提高企业的投资价值;无暂停期权企业的投资临界值与经营成本、投资成本、建设时间和产品价格波动呈正相关,与政府补贴呈负相关;有暂停期权企业的投资临界值与经营成本、价格波动呈正相关,与政府补贴低于某一限额时呈负相关、高于某一限额时呈正相关,与投资成本和建设时间无明显相关关系;经营成本、政府补贴和价格波动对跟随投资临界值的影响程度大于对领先投资临界值的影响程度,对无暂停期权企业投资临界值的影响程度大于对有暂停期权企业投资临界值的影响程度.     

不确定条件下双头垄断期权博弈

期权博弈理论是实物期权和博弈论相结合的产物,它具有极大的应用潜力。期权博弈模型不仅考虑了投资决策关键因素,同时在模型中还着重分析了双方竞争应用的策略及可能出现的纳什均衡解。研究了不确定性条件下的对称双头垄断期权博弈模型,仿真计算并用图形说明了有关参数的改变对公司价值的影响,推导了两种方法计算领导者和跟随者公司的价值和临界值,讨论了非限制合作下纳什均衡解和解存在的条件与假设。讨论的观点结论对于研究我国当前市场经济条件下不确定投资问题具有理论实践指导意义。     

竞争作用不对称下技术创新投资的期权博弈分析

垄断优势外的竞争优势难以复制给抢先投资进入的企业带来正的效应，竞争给抢先进入的企业造成负的外部性，本文建立了考察上述两种竞争导致作用不对等情形下的期权博弈模型。通过数值分析，发现竞争优势越大会激励企业更早抢先进入，负外部性越大，追随者的企业进入门槛值会减少，并给出简要的经济学含义。     

Study on Equilibrium Real-option Exercise Strategies based on Competitive Interactions

In this article, strategic investment in duopoly where the costs of the two firms are asymmetric is studied based on the option games. First, the expressions of value functions of the firm and the optimal investment thresholds are deduced. Second, this study investigates the strategy equilibriums and their types and existing conditions of both the firms by considering negative externalities and positive externalities, respectively. Third, the effect of uncertainty on investment thresholds and the effect of uncertainty, first-mover advantage, and second-mover advantage on equilibrium results and on investment interval are also discussed. Finally, the existence of optimal perfect Nash equilibrium strategies is proved further by a numerical analysis.     

R＆D投资决策的不对称双头垄断期权博弈模型

两企业进行R&D投资,考虑其间的研发成本不对称更贴近于现实。为此,本文建立了R&D投资决策的不对称双头垄断期权博弈模型,首先给出了领先者、追随者和同时投资者的价值函数和投资临界值点;通过引入混合策略法则证明了混合策略均衡的存在,并给出了不同情况下的两企业最优投资均衡策略规则;最后,数值分析表明了一个完美纳什均衡的存在。     

风险投资公司投资组合的优化模型

科学地做出风险资本的投资组合决策对提高风险投资公司的投资效率乃至加速我国风险投资业发展具有重要的战略意义.首先给出了风险投资公司投资的相对投资效果水平的衡量模型,然后运用平稳过程理论提出了风险投资公司向各企业下期投资的相对投资效果水平的预测模型,进而根据风险投资公司的风险类型,利用二次规划方法建立了投资组合的优化模型,为风险投资公司确定其向各企业下期投资的最佳比例提供理论参考.最后,用算例说明了模型的合理性和可行性.