室内承载板法土工试筒约束的综合修正

室内承载板法是测定土样回弹模量的标准试验方法,其基本原理是根据实测的各级承载板压力和回弹变形的关系,运用圆形垂直刚性分布荷载作用下的弹性半空间体竖向位移理论公式来计算土样回弹模量.但是,由于击实成型的测试土样受到土工试筒的筒底和筒壁的约束作用,土样的有限尺寸和受力条件与半无限的弹性半空间体理论存在较大的差别,造成土样回弹模量测试结果偏大,导致测试结果难以应用于路面结构设计,所以有必要对室内承载板法的土样回弹模量测试结果进行约束修正.为此,首先推导了具有刚性下卧层的弹性层轴对称课题的应力和位移理论解,并通过轴对称有限元法,验证了理论解的正确性,从而考虑土工试筒筒底的约束作用,以竖向位移理论公式提出了室内承载板法测定土样回弹模量的高度修正系数K1.其次,在高度修正的基础上,通过轴对称有限元法考虑土工试筒筒壁的约束作用,提出了室内承载板法测定土样回弹模量的直径修正系数K2.综合高度修正和直径修正,提出了不同直径D的承载板测定土样回弹模量的综合修正系数K,以及K和D的回归公式.最后,通过不同直径承载板进行了室内测试验证.验证结果表明,所提出的综合修正系数可用于室内承载板法测定土样回弹模量的土工试筒约束的综合修正,并保证了测试结果的合理性和可靠性.     

室内承载板法测定土基回弹模量的理论修正

土基回弹模量是路面结构设计中一个重要的参数,能否选用合乎实际的土基回弹模量直接关系到路面结构的安全性和经济性.由于野外承载板法费时、费力,且测点位置的选取以及测点多寡对回弹模量的影响,室内试验是一种不可缺少的方法.以弹性层状体系理论为基础,对室内承载板法测定土基回弹模量进行了理论修正,利用有限元程序求出修正系数,并通过实例工程进行验证.结果表明:室内承载板测定土基回弹模量应乘以0.95这个修正系数,从而为室内合理测定土基回弹模量值提供参考依据.     

应用落锤式弯沉仪评价土基模量的试验研究

土基回弹模量是路面设计的重要参数,实验室内测定土基回弹模量的方法为重复荷载三轴试验,野外测试的方法有承载板、动态锥等方法,上述方法操作起来都比较复杂。利用FWD（落锤式弯沉仪）测试土基计算弹性模量,再用国内常用的野外承载板试验测定土基回弹模量,分析FWD弹性模量和回弹模量之间的相关性,研究FWD直接预测土基回弹模量的可行性。结果表明该方法具有一定的可行性。     

路基土回弹模量湿度调整系数预估研究

选取了几种代表性的路基土样,采用UTM(万能材料试验机)动力三轴试验系统,测试不同湿度下的回弹模量,分析湿度对路基土回弹模量的影响规律,利用测试结果,对Witczak回弹模量湿度调整系数模型中的参数进行校正,建立适用于我国粗细粒土组的湿度调整系数预估模型.结果表明,路基土湿度在最佳含水率饱和度±20%区间内,模量调整系数与饱和度差值近似呈线性关系,而当湿度低于最佳含水率饱和度20%以上时,模量调整系数受饱和度变化的影响很小.针对不同类型土组,应用建立的模型,推荐了回弹模量的湿度调整系数,可结合室内回弹模量测试,反算路基在实际湿度状况下的回弹模量值.     

旧水泥混凝土路面破裂板沥青加铺层设计方法研究

为了方便快捷地确定计算路面结构厚度所需的重要参数,根据弹性半空间理论,研究了承载板下旧水泥混凝土路面破裂板的竖向弯沉与弹性模量、泊松比、平均触地压力及承载板直径之间的关系,依据试验路现场测试结果,得出了弯沉和破裂板顶面当量回弹模量之间的回归公式,在此基础上,对旧水泥混凝土路面破裂板上沥青加铺层结构的设计方法进行了研究,根据当量回弹模量、道路等级、面层、补强层类型及累计轴载作用次数计算设计弯沉值,由设计弯沉值即可推算出沥青加铺层所需的厚度.     

基于两点路表弯沉反算土基回弹模量的研究

基于层状弹性理论,利用远离承载板中心的两点路表变形响应反算土基回弹模量。根据半刚性基层沥青路面常用路面结构组合形式,构建土基回弹模量与两点路表弯沉值之间一一对应的数据库,建立回归模型。由理论弯沉盆和实测弯沉盆的预测结果表明,建立的土基回弹模量回归预测模型具有良好的精度和可靠性,为进一步快速、有效地评定土基的承载能力提供了依据。     

基层顶面当量回弹模量确定方法的修正

应用弹性层状理论,以弯沉等效为原则研究了基层顶面当量回弹模量的计算方法,指出了现有当量模量换算公式中存在的不足,并根据当量模量的影响因素确定了其边界条件,在大量计算分析的基础上重新建立了荷载作用半径为0.15 m的换算公式,并增加荷载作用半径影响修正系数.修正后的换算公式可适用于基层与土基模量比大于2且基层当量厚度大于0.2 m及荷载作用半径在0.1 m-0.5 m的基层顶面当量回弹模量的换算,具有更高的精度、更好的外延性.     

路基弯沉检测标准

针对<公路路面基层施工技术规范>(JTJ 034-2000)中路基弯沉检测方法存在的不足,结合西安-户县高速公路试验路实体工程,对土样进行室内轻、重型击实标准回弹模量试验,现场检测土基回弹弯沉值、回弹模量和压实度等指标,对检测数据进行回归分析,得出土基回弹模量与稠度、压实度的关系,进而推出季节影响系数与稠度关系.结果表明:西安地区土基回弹模量设计取值宜在规范基础上提高20%～40%;结合回归得出的土基回弹模量与土基顶面弯沉的关系,可以得到路基顶面弯沉检测标准,从而为路基弯沉检测提供依据.     

基于图像技术的三轴土样径向变形测量

在常规三轴试验中,由于端部约束的影响难以实现对三轴土样变形的准确测量。将图像测量技术运用于土样的不固结不排水三轴试验中,能够有效地克服常规三轴试验的不足,实现非接触式的三轴土样变形测量。通过已知尺寸的圆柱体在压力室内和压力室外的测量,对有机玻璃压力室和压力室内水介质引起的折射问题引入了折射系数进行修正。结果表明:(1)通过图像测量方法能够有效克服端部约束对土样变形的影响;(2)折射效应对土样的径向变形的影响比较大,对轴向变形的影响非常小,且折射修正系数为1.205,对折射效应引起的测量误差可以有效地消除或减小,其绝对测量误差为±0.17 mm。图像测量得到三轴土样的偏应力要小于常规测量值,常规测量方法得到的土体强度偏大。     

应用现场载荷试验计算压缩模量的方法

为了将原位载荷试验应用于地基沉降计算,以延安地区黄土填土工程为实例依托,采用弹性理论中的应变影响系数和完全侧限点的应力应变关系理论,推导了利用载荷试验结果计算地基压缩模量的方法。研究结果表明:符合完全侧限应力状态的点位于载荷板中心点下0.834倍荷载板半径R处;将载荷试验结果中荷载P乘以0.737、荷载板沉降S乘以0.522与荷载板半径R的比值,可将载荷试验的P-S曲线转化成单向压缩的应力-应变曲线,进而可以计算出压缩模量;由该文方法计算的压缩模量均值与室内试验测试结果均值一致,两者平均值的差异仅为5.53%;由于原位测试避免了对土样的扰动,所以得到的压缩模量的离散性低于室内试验测试结果,方差减小了57.2%。研究成果可为压缩模量的测试方法和地基沉降计算方法的拓展提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to