机场独立运行跑道起飞容量计算模型

跑道容量的确定是多条跑道开设时机的依据.给定了独立运行跑道起飞容量的概念,分析了各种影响跑道起飞容量的因素,按典型正态分布问题建立了计算模型;根据起飞飞机的速度关系和空管规则综合考虑了跑道占用时间、飞机前后间距标准、空管规则、风速影响、起飞公共段长度等影响因素,从理论上分类建立了机场独立运行跑道起飞容量的计算模型,提出了确定容量的方法,并利用某机场的实际运行航班数据对起飞容量进行计算,计算结果验证了该模型的实用性和可行性.     

基于数学模型的平行跑道穿越点变化下的容量评估

跑道容量是目前很多机场最关心的问题,它是制约整个机场发展的瓶颈。以往的跑道容量计算方法都是在单跑道的基础上建立的,很少有人考虑跑道穿越情况下的跑道容量。根据空中交通管制程序,当飞机需要从一条跑道穿越另一条跑道到达航站区,需要对跑道穿越点位置进行规划;但是具体在哪里设置跑道穿越点,设置多少个穿越点,是两个非常重要的问题。在跑道穿越点对跑道容量影响的基础上,设置了1 375~1 425 m、1 650~1 675 m、2 125~2 175 m三个穿越点,通过相应的数学计算方法,分析计算了近距平行跑道三个穿越点下的跑道容量变化。通过搜集相关的数字,借助MATLAB对所使的数学计算方法进行仿真计算,得出跑道穿越点的变化对近距平行跑道容量的影响。     

近距平行跑道机场绕行滑行道使用策略研究

为了给近距平行跑道机场制定和优化航空器场面运行策略提供理论依据,提升跑道运行安全水平和效率、减少机场运行场面冲突、降低安全隐患。本文分析并建立基于进、离港航班平均地面滑行时间最小为目标的绕滑使用决策模型,并以某机场两条近距平行跑道绕滑运行为例,采用数值计算和AirTOp运行仿真软件两种方式验证了该模型的可行性。算例结果表明,由该模型确定的绕滑使用策略,可以同时降低机场进、离港航班的延误水平,提高地面滑行效率。并且,通过对该机场航班运行数据的进一步研究发现,起飞跑道交通密度与绕滑使用率之间存在较为明显的正相关关系,进而提出针对该机场在高峰小时运行架次和起降比变化情况下的绕滑运行策略。     

相关运行模式下的近距平行跑道容量计算方法研究

为提高近距平行跑道的系统容量,研究了相关平行进近运行模式下跑道间隔、进近下滑角和机型组合对跑道容量的影响。根据ATC间隔标准建立了相应的近距平行跑道容量计算模型。计算表明,在安全运行允许的条件下,跑道间隔相同时,跑道容量随下滑角的增大而提升;下滑角相同时,跑道容量随跑道间隔的变化并不敏感。模型在上海虹桥机场的应用表明,采用3°下滑角的跑道到达容量比现阶段提升18.3%;采用5°下滑角,到达容量提升32.1%。     

基于统计分布的近距平行跑道配对进近纵向碰撞风险评估

对近距平行跑道实行配对进近有助于缓解空中交通拥堵现状,增加机场终端区空域容量.为更准确地评估配对飞机的纵向碰撞风险,考虑配对进近过程,将其分为5个阶段.研究飞机进近纵向定位误差的统计分布,通过分析广播式自动相关监视数据得到拟合效果最佳的无界约翰逊分布.综合考虑前机偏航和尾流的影响,计算各阶段配对飞机的纵向间隔,建立配对进近纵向碰撞风险评估模型.为检验模型的有效性,利用MATLAB进行算例仿真.计算结果表明,配对飞机纵向碰撞风险在前机飞越其跑道入口时达到最大值7.87×10-14,该模型可以将配对进近全程的纵向碰撞风险控制在安全目标水平之内.     

近距平行跑道配对离场关键因素研究

相比于目前国内近距平行跑道的离场方式,近距平行跑道配对离场能大幅减少飞机的离场时间间隔,从而提高机场的容量.在应用近距平行跑道配对离场程序时,需要确定配对机的离场时间间隔与运行该程序的侧风条件,其中离场时间间隔分为起始时间间隔和离场航段参考点的最大时间间隔.根据不同机型的飞行参数,建立数学计算模型,得到配对机的离场时间间隔,并在此基础上考虑侧风对尾流的影响,得出允许应用该程序的最大正侧风风速,结合风向,得到侧风条件.以上海虹桥国际机场作为实例,计算得到配对机的初始时间间隔为30 s,在离场航段参考点的最大时间间隔分别为50 s、68 s,最大正侧风风速为3.3m/s.     

机场跑道最大容量评估模型的研究

作者研究了一种评估机场跑道最大容量的模型,该模型基于概率统计的方法,可分别计算跑道降落、起飞、降落/起飞的容量.在设计中引入了跑道使用的优先权系数,并且考虑了最后进近距离、尾流间隔、位置偏差等因素的影响.在计算两落地飞机最小间隔时介绍了时间空间法和逆推法.并以双流机场为例进行了计算机仿真的研究,证明了所研究模型具有较高的可信度.     

具有绕滑的跑滑系统航空器滑行策略研究

为了应对空中交通流量的增加带来的挑战,很多繁忙机场建立了具有平行跑道的跑道系统来提高机场容量。绕行滑行道（End-around Taxiway,EAT）是提高具有近距平行跑道的繁忙机场运行效率的新型滑行道。本文根据具有绕行滑行道的跑滑系统的运行特点,将航空器在跑滑系统中的运行分为直接穿越、选择绕滑、等待-穿越三种滑行策略。提出具有绕行滑行道的跑滑系统滑行效率的概念,将航空器的滑行燃油最少和滑行时间最短作为协同优化目标,并结合绕行滑行道的运行规则、效率优先级作为约束条件,建立航空器地面滑行策略优化模型。从而根据该模型,选出最优的滑行策略。算例分析表明,绕行滑行道的使用可有效提高跑滑系统的滑行效率。     

基于微分对策的平行跑道独立运行冲突报警算法

为提高平行跑道运行时空中交通管制的安全和效率,通过跑道容量模型对首都机场的最大理论容量进行了分析,得出了两条平行跑道的最优运行方案。针对这种方案中的平行跑道独立运行安全保障问题,提出了一种基于微分对策的新报警方法,用它来代替传统的隔离带报警方法。这种方法假定入侵飞机是"追击者",另一架平行飞行的飞机是"躲避者",通过计算追击者的不安全区来达到报警目的。分析了最小水平安全间隔的变化。仿真试验证明,这种新的报警技术优于传统的隔离带报警方式。     

考虑跑滑结构的机场跑道容量评估模型

跑道容量是衡量机场服务水平的重要指标.民航中小型机场跑道滑行道结构简单,航空器起降占用跑道时间较长,是影响机场容量的主要因素.本文细化航空器起降滑行、滑跑时间,引入管制规则,构造了考虑跑滑结构的机场容量评估模型.采用Visual C++编程进行数值模拟仿真,结果表明,该模型能量化实际滑跑距离、滑行道位置、起降比例等关键因素对机场容量、跑道占用时间的影响.以赣州机场为例,该模型容量评估结果符合实际飞行原则和管制规则,能为提高机场吞吐量提供技术支持,具有一定的参考价值和实用性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to