THE TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR OF SOME CATIONS AT WATER／NITROBENZENE INTERFACE BY SEMIDIFFERENTIAL CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

The transfer of Sr~(2+) and Ba~(2+) ion, facilitated by 18-Crown-6 present in the aqueous phase, and of succinylcholine ion at w/nb interface were investigated by semi-differential cyclic voltammetry. A good polarographic curve of succinylcholine ion dissolved in water was obtained in the system of 0.01 mol/l LiCl (w)——0.01 mol/l TBATPB (nb). The peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of SC~(2+) ion. It can be used for the determination of SC and the detection limit is 1.05×10~(-5) mol/l.The apparent D~w and D~(nb) have been estimated. The transfer of Sr~(2+) and of Ba~(2+) at the interface are facilitated by 18-Crown-6 present in the aqueous phase and the peak current is directly proportional to the concentration of 18-Crown-6 in water. This method can be used for the determination of the complexing agent and for the stability constant of the complex formed in the aqueous phase.All the experimental results are in keeping with the theoretical.     

SEM In-situ Observation at Tensile Loading on Surface Inclusion in PM Rene95 Superalloy

The observation on crack initiation and propagation of surface inclusion Al₂O₃ in seeded PM Rene95 was conducted by SEM in-situ tension test. The results show that the cracks often initiate at the inclusion/matrix interface vertical to the applied stress direction, and easily propagate along the interface into the matrix. The interface of inclusion/matrix is just mechanically bounded on the base of SEM observation. The weak bonding of inclusion/matrix interface and stress concentration around inclusions are the main reasons of the matrix/inclusion interface debonding and local plastic deformation under the tensile loading in the in-situ tension test. Surface inclusion does not definitely lead to the failure of in-situ tension test. But the early surface crack initiation caused by ceramic inclusion is critically harmful to the LCF property of PM Rene95 superalloy, which can't be ignored.     

Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel,slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction

The mass transfer among the multiphase interactions among the steel, slag, lining refractory, and nonmetallic inclusions during the refining process of a bearing steel was studied using laboratory experiments and numerical kinetic prediction. Experiments on the system with and without the slag phase were carried out to evaluate the influence of the refractory and the slag on the mass transfer. A mathematical model coupled the ion and molecule coexistence theory, coupled-reaction model, and the surface renewal theory was established to predict the dynamic mass transfer and composition transformation of the steel, the slag, and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel. During the refining process,Al_2 O_3 inclusions transformed into Mg O inclusions owing to the mass transfer of [Mg] at the steel/refractory interface and(Mg O) at the slag/refractory interface. Most of the aluminum involved in the transport entered the slag and a small part of the aluminum transferred to lining refractory, forming the Al_2 O_3 or Mg O·Al_2 O_3. The slag had a significant acceleration effect on the mass transfer. The mass transfer rate(or the reaction rate) of the system with the slag was approximately 5 times larger than that of the system without the slag. In the first 20 min of the refining, rates of magnesium mass transfer at the steel/inclusion interface, steel/refractory interface, and steel/slag interface were x, 1.1 x, and 2.2 x,respectively. The composition transformation of inclusions and the mass transfer of magnesium and aluminum in the steel were predicted with an acceptable accuracy using the established kinetic model.     

Effect of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticles on hydrogen evolution reaction activity of Ni coatings

The electrocatalytic activity of electrodeposited Ni and Ni-TiO₂ coatings with regard to the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was investigated. The Ni coatings were electrodeposited from an acid chloride bath at different current densities, and their HER activities were examined in a 1.0-mol·L-1 KOH medium. The variations in the HER activity of the Ni coatings with changes in surface morphology and composition were examined via the electrochemical dissolution and incorporation of nanoparticles. Electrochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the HER activity of the test electrodes; this activity was confirmed via the quantification of gases that evolved during the analysis. The obtained results demonstrated that the Ni-TiO₂ nanocomposite test electrode exhibited maximum activity toward the alkaline HER. The surface appearance, composition, and the phase structure of all developed coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The improvement in the electrocatalytic activity of Ni-TiO₂ nanocomposite coating toward HER was attributed to the variation in surface morphology and increased number of active sites.     

Thickness of compound layer in steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding

The bonding of solid steel plate to liquid aluminum was studied using rapid solidification. The surface of solid steel plate was defatted, descaled, immersed (in K₂ZrF₆ flux aqueous solution) and stoved. In order to determine the thickness of Fe-Al compound layer at the interface of steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding under rapid solidification, the interface of bonding plate was investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) experiment. The relationship between bonding parameters (such as preheat temperature of steel plate, temperature of aluminum liquid and bonding time) and thickness of Fe-Al compound layer at the interface was established by artificial neural networks (ANN) perfectly. The maximum of relative error between the output and the desired output of the ANN is only 5.4%. From the bonding parameters for the largest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate (226℃ for preheat temperature of steel plate, 723℃ for temperature of aluminum liquid and 15.8 s for bonding time), the reasonable thickness of Fe-Al compound layer 10.8 μm was got.     

THE TRANSFER OF TMA+ ION AT THE WATER NITROBENZENE INTERFACE USING SEMI-DIFFERENTIAL CYCLIC VOL TAMMETRY

This paper describes the investigation of the electrochemical phenomena of TMA~+ transfer at the w/nb interface using semi-differential cyclic voltammetry. The expressions for the peak potential, half-wave width and peak current are derived. All the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones.     

Effects of solution environments under disbonded coatings on the corrosion behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soils

A rectangle crevice assembly was used to study the effects of cathodic protection (CP) potential, crevice thickness, holiday size, bubbling CO₂, and surface condition on the chemical and electrochemical environment of the local solution under disbonded coatings. It is found that the cathodic protection removes dissolved oxygen from the crevice and thus shifts the solution to a more alkaline state. Furthermore, the potential of the steel reaches the protected potential range. The available protection distance increases with the negative applying potential. The steady potential and pH distribution are easily achieved, but the polarization degree is not satisfied within the thinner crevice. The difference in the solution environment is found to correlate to the holiday size. The smaller the holiday, the smaller the difference is. The presence of CO₂ inhibits the formation of an alkaline environment. It is also found that the rust layer dramatically decreases the polarization rate in the crevice.     

Effects of Ca(Y)-Si modifier on interface morphology and solute segregation during directional solidification of an austenite medium Mn steel

The austenite medium Mn steel modified with controlled additions of Ca, Y, Si were directionally solidified using the vertical Bridgman method to study the effects of Ca(Y)-Si modifier on the solid-liquid (S-L) interface morphology and solute segregation. The interface morphology and the C and Mn segregation of the steel directionally solidified at 6.9 μm/s were investigated with an image analysis and a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel is solidified with a planar S-L interface. The interface of the 1.0wt% Ca-Si modified steel is similar to that of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel, but with larger nodes. The 1.5wt% Ca-Si modified steel displays a cellular growth parttern. The S-L interface morphology of the 0.5wt% Ca-Si+1.0wt% Y-Si modified Mn steel appears as dendritic interface, and primary austenite dendrites reveal developed lateral branching at the quenched liquid. In the meantime, the independent austenite colonies are formed ahead of the S-L interface. A mechanism involving constitutional supercooling explains the S-L interface evolution. It depends mainly on the difference in the contents of Ca, Y, and Si ahead of the S-L interface. The segregation of C and Mn ahead of the S-L interface enhanced by the modifiers is observed.     

Study on the separation process of non-metallic inclusions at the steel-slag interface using water modeling

The separation process of non-metallic inclusions at the steel-slag interface was simulated by physical modeling. Three different kinds of particles (octahedral, plate-like, and spherical) and three different oils (kerosene, bean oil, and pump oil) were used to model inclusions and slags, respectively. The effects of inclusion geometry (shape and size) and slag properties (viscosity and interfacial tension) on the separation process were investigated. The results revealed that the variation of surface free energy and the viscosity of the slag are two significant factors affecting the separation process of inclusions at the steel-slag interface. The variation of surface free energy helped inclusions enter the slag phase, whereas the decrease of slag viscosity shortened the separation time. The deformation of the steel-slag interface could give rise to the resistance force, which would resist inclusions passing through the interface. A liquid film formed on the inclusion as it passed through the steel-slag interface, which might be related to the inclusion's shape.     

THE TRANSFER OF TMA＋ ION AT THE WATERN NITROBENZENE INTERFACE USING SEMI-DIFFERENTIAL CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

This paper describes the investigation of the electrochemical phenomena of TMA transfer at the w/nb interface using semi-differential cyclic voltammetry. The expressions for the peak potential, half-wave width and peak current are derived. All the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones.     

中性载体DAM推动Ca^2＋离子在水／硝基苯界面的转移

本文用卷积(半微分和半积分)循环伏安法研究了中性载体DAM(二安替比林甲烷)络合推动Ca~(2 )离子在水/硝基苯界面的转移过程,探讨了有关转移过程的机理,测定了相应的扩散系数和配合物的络合稳定常数。     

超声／H2O2／CuO联合作用降解硝基苯

研究了在超声波/H2O2/金属氧化物体系中,金属氧化物(CuO,ZnO,Al2O3)对硝基苯降解的影响。结果表明:采用超声波/H2O2/CuO体系效果较好。对超声/H2O2/CuO联合作用的效果进行了研究,讨论了反应液的pH值、硝基苯的初始浓度等因素对硝基苯降解的影响。实验结果表明:pH值的变化对其降解效果没有明显影响;硝基苯的降解效果与其初始浓度有关,其降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型。     

四苯卟啉及其金属配合物对Fe~(3+)离子在水/硝基苯界面迁移的推动作用

关于四苯卟啉(H_2TPP)及其第一过渡金属配合物(MTPP,M=Mn,FeCl,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)对H~+通过W/NB界面所产生的推动作用前文已作报道。本文研究上述两者对Fe~(3+)在W/NB界面迁移的影响,并根据实验事实提出可能的微观机理。 实验仪器、电化学测试方法及主要试剂的制备、纯化参照前文。主要结果如下。H_2TPP对Fe~(3+)在W/NB界面迁移的影响     

混合菌构建及其对硝基苯直接好氧生物降解

选取本实验室分离的3株硝基苯高效降解菌———Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Z1、Streptomyces albidoflavusZ2和Micrococcus luteusZ3,将其混合并进行正交实验,得出Z1、Z2、Z3的最佳配比为1∶3∶3,在此基础上构建了混合菌.与单菌相比,混合菌能够在较为苛刻的环境条件下降解硝基苯,并具有较宽的底物范围.同时结合实际硝基苯工业废水特点,考察了混合菌在高盐度下以及苯酚或苯胺和硝基苯共存时对硝基苯的降解.结果表明:混合菌具备较强的耐盐能力,可在5%的高盐(NaCl)条件下有效降解硝基苯;当苯酚或苯胺和硝基苯(200mg/L)共存,初始浓度分别为100和50mg/L时,混合菌对硝基苯的降解不受影响.     

水中硝基苯的超声降解处理研究

通过正交实验确定影响超声波降解硝基苯的因素,探讨了在超声条件下反应温度、超声频率、处理时间对硝基苯降解的影响;并对超声/H2O2、超声/H2O2/CuO体系对硝基苯的降解效果进行了初步研究.结果表明:在超声条件下,当硝基苯初始质量浓度为150.8mg/L、超声频率为40kHz、作用时间为6h时,硝基苯的降解率为18%;在超声/H2O2条件下,H2O2投加量为3.0mL时,降解率可提高至22.3%;向超声/H2O2体系中加入CuO可使硝基苯的降解率提高到38.7%.     

光敏电芬顿法处理高盐分硝基苯废水

利用光敏电芬顿法降解高浓度、高盐分的有机废水(以硝基苯为例),考察FeSO4浓度、草酸钾浓度、电流强度、初始pH对硝基苯降解效果的影响。结果表明:采用紫外光光敏电芬顿法处理硝基苯废水时,盐分耐受度高,降解速度快。最佳降解条件为FeSO4浓度4.5 mmol/L,草酸钾浓度3.0 mmol/L,电流强度1.5 A,初始pH为2,处理1.5 h后,硝基苯的去除率可达93%。     

儿茶酚胺在油／水界面电子传递伏安行为的研究

本用四电极系统半微分循环伏安法对儿茶酚胺（多巴胺、多巴酚下胺）在水／硝基苯界面的电子传递进行了研究，得到了在多酚氧化酶催下相儿茶酚爱硝基苯相二茂铁间在水／硝基苯界面电子传递良好的半微分循环伏安峰，在一定条件下，半微分峰的峰高与儿茶酚胺浓度线性相关。有关儿茶酚胺在油／水界面电子传递的机理也进行了讨论。