刈割强度对晋北盐渍化草地土壤细菌群落结构的影响

刈割是农牧交错带主要的草地利用方式，为探究刈割对草地土壤细菌群落的影响，本研究通过土壤微生物高通量测序研究不同刈割强度下土壤细菌多样性和群落结构。结果表明，刈割处理增加了细菌群落的丰富度、多样性和优势度。在中度刈割强度下，土壤细菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于其他处理，达到6.505；刈割能使Simpson指数增加13.89%～19.44%，在轻度刈割强度下土壤细菌的Simpson指数最高达到0.004 3。盐渍化草地的土壤细菌优势类群有变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。刈割显著降低了变形菌门的相对丰度，并且在中度刈割强度下相对丰度值最低为21.09%；显著增加了放线菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度，均在中度刈割强度下丰度最高，分别为25.95%和11.35%。土壤因子（硝态氮、全碳、碳氮比和水分）影响土壤细菌群落组成，刈割可能通过影响土壤全碳驱动土壤细菌中优势类群的改变，进而影响土壤细菌多样性。     

内蒙古通辽市砂质土壤中微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

在内蒙古通辽市采集6个土壤样品,研究该地区砂质土壤中微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。应用Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序技术发现,相对丰度大于1%的细菌门有放线菌门、变形菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门,相对丰度大于5%的真菌门有子囊菌门、担子菌门。典范对应分析显示影响细菌群落结构的环境因素主要有硝态氮、溶解性有机碳、铵态氮、总氮和含砂量,影响真菌群落结构的环境因素主要有溶解性有机碳、硝态氮、p H、总氮和含砂量。方差分解分析表明硝态氮、溶解性有机碳和铵态氮分别解释了20.73%、16.51%和15.59%的细菌群落结构的差异;溶解性有机碳、硝态氮和p H分别解释了22.29%、22.05%和17.76%的真菌群落结构的差异。研究为探索砂质土壤中微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系提供了理论依据。     

四种蔬菜土壤真菌群落组成与多样性

土壤真菌群落多样性是评价耕作土壤环境质量与健康的重要指标。以山东四种重要的蔬菜作物大葱、姜、草莓、黄瓜种植土壤为研究对象，采用qPCR和基于扩增子测序的高通量测序技术，结合土壤理化性质分析，研究了不同作物土壤真菌的群落组成及其多样性差异。结果表明：大葱土壤中以真菌ITS拷贝数为指标的总真菌丰度最低，且与草莓、黄瓜和姜土壤总真菌丰度具有显著差异(P<0.05);大葱和姜土壤真菌群落香农指数和操作分类单元指数高，多样性较丰富；黄瓜和草莓土壤真菌香农指数和操作分类单元指数低，多样性较差；土壤中子囊菌、担子菌、被孢菌门等相对丰度占比较高，其中在发病土壤中子囊菌门真菌相对丰度更高；土壤真菌类群受环境因子的影响，其中pH和有效磷对真菌群落构成的影响最大。这些结果为厘清不同真菌群落多样性与蔬菜土壤环境质量关系，为蔬菜土壤环境质量改善提供了理论依据。     

水稻土细菌群落对长期施肥和短期氮添加的响应

为更好地了解长期施肥下水稻土的细菌多样性、群落结构和组成,本研究以中性紫色水稻土长期定位试验基地为平台,采用高通量测序技术,研究长期施用化肥和短期氮添加对水稻土细菌群落的影响。实验结果表明：相比于短期氮添加,长期施肥显著提升土壤养分含量,同时使土壤pH值明显下降,并改变了土壤细菌群落特征。试验所用水稻土细菌主要优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,它们的总占比超过70%。长期施肥显著提高了富营养型细菌变形菌门和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的相对丰度。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,水稻土细菌多样性、群落结构和组成受到土壤pH和土壤养分水平（如速效磷、速效钾、全氮等）的显著影响。     

增温和增氮对天津滨海湿地芦苇凋落物分解微生物群落组成和多样性的影响

为了探究全球变暖和氮输入增加对滨海湿地植物凋落物分解微生物群落的影响,在天津滨海湿地采集原状土壤和芦苇叶片凋落物,通过模拟增温和增氮实验,分析不同温度和氮输入水平条件下芦苇凋落物可培养细菌和真菌数量、群落组成和多样性的差异,并分析细菌和真菌群落组成与土壤理化因子间的相关关系.结果表明:增温处理能够使细菌数量下降,对真菌...     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构与功能群特征

为揭示呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能群特征, 以呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林和不同林龄人工林为研究对象, 采用野外调查和分子生物学相结合的方法, 鉴定并分析沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构和功能群特征。在呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松根尖样品中共获得520个真菌 OTUs, 隶属于5门87科197属, 其中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度较高, 分别为54.98%和39.27%。天然林优势菌属 为 双 子 担 子 菌 属 (Geminibasidium) 、 红 菇 属 (Russula) 和 Phialocephala, 人 工 林 优 势 菌 属 为 乳 牛 肝 菌 属(Suillus)、Phialocephala 和口蘑属(Tricholoma), 其余菌属的相对丰度随林龄的变化波动较大。沙地樟子松人工林根内真菌α多样性指数随林龄增长均呈降低趋势, 成熟林根内真菌α多样性指数显著低于沙地樟子松近熟林、中龄林和天然林(P<0.05)。沙地樟子松天然林与人工林根内真菌群落结构变异性较小。其中, 天然林与成熟林根内真菌群落结构差异较大, 与近熟林根内真菌群落结构最接近。共生营养型真菌比例随林龄增长而逐渐增大, 腐生营养型和病理营养型真菌比例随林龄增长逐渐减小; 天然林与近熟林共生营养型真菌的占比较为接近, 腐生营养型真菌在天然林中占比较大。沙地樟子松根内真菌群落结构复杂, 物种丰富多样, 外生菌根真菌和未定义腐生菌为主要功能类群, 部分真菌在不同林分的生态策略存在差异。     

不同分解程度木麻黄凋落物的养分特征及微生物功能多样性分析

【目的】通过了解木麻黄凋落物分解过程中的养分变化以及微生物碳源的利用特征,明确凋落物微生物多样性与养分之间的关系。【方法】在海南省海口市桂林洋海滨选取10~15年生木麻黄林,按照“S”形五点取样法,分别采集0~5 cm、≥5~10 cm、≥10~15 cm 等3种不同分解程度的凋落物样品,测定其理化性质,并利用Biolog微孔板法测定凋落物外生菌和内生菌的群落功能多样性,对其进行主成分PCA分析和冗余RDA分析。【结果】①凋落物的分解程度越高,其有机碳、全氮、全磷含量越低。②不同分解程度木麻黄凋落物中外生菌和内生菌功能多样性差异显著,外生菌平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随分解程度增加而增大,而内生菌AWCD则降低。③凋落物分解程度越高,外生菌的Shannon、Simpson指数明显升高,McIntosh指数无显著差异;内生菌的Shannon、Simpson指数也随之增加,而McIntosh指数则明显降低。④外生菌和内生菌对6大类碳源利用强度存在差异,优势碳源分别为糖类和多聚物,分解后期胺类和酚类的利用率均有提高。⑤主成分PCA分析表明,不同分解程度的凋落物外生菌和内生菌对31种碳源的利用均有显著差异;RDA分析表明,碳、氮含量与凋落物外生菌微生物功能多样性指数呈最大相关。【结论】木麻黄凋落物分解程度越大,外生菌碳代谢强度和多样性越高,而内生菌碳代谢强度越低,其多样性越高;凋落物的氮、碳含量是影响凋落物微生物功能多样性的主要因素。因此,外生菌和内生菌在木麻黄凋落物的分解中发挥着不同的作用。     

含铀凋落物腐解前后微生物群落结构特征及多样性分析

采集含铀凋落物腐解前后土壤样本,通过Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术研究腐解前后土壤微生物的多样性及群落结构,解析含铀凋落物腐解前后土壤微生物群落结构特征及其变化规律,为发掘潜在含铀生物质降解菌种提供理论基础。通过高通量测序,分别获得158 781条细菌和242 198条真菌的有效序列,菌群Alpha分析显示,腐解后细菌的多样性和丰富度增加,真菌的多样性和丰富度减少。通过微生物群落结构解析,发现腐解前后门水平上始终存在的优势菌群,细菌中为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria);真菌中为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、unclassified_Fungi和被孢囊门(Mortierellomycota)。结果表明,含铀凋落物腐解后,凋落物内的铀被释放到土壤中,改变了土壤微生物群落结构。腐解后土壤中可识别的优势菌群功能主要集中在对纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解和铀的浸出。热酸菌属(Acidothermus)和软盘菌属(Mollisia)可能是降解凋落物和浸出铀较好的微生物组合。     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物多样性对碳输入变化和增温的响应

为掌握哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物多样性对碳输入变化和增温的响应，本研究基于云南哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林模拟增温实验平台，以去除地表凋落物、切根、切根并增温和对照4个处理6 a后表层矿质土壤(0～10 cm)为研究对象，测定土壤理化性质和微生物群落组成，探讨土壤微生物多样性对碳输入和增温处理的响应和驱动因子。研究结果表明，碳输入和增温处理未改变哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物的优势菌群，各处理的细菌优势菌门为变形菌门和酸杆菌门，真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门和担子菌门。与对照处理相比碳输入和增温处理改变了土壤微生物群落的α多样性指数，切根处理显著降低细菌Shannon指数和Chao1指数，而切根并增温处理的Shannon指数和Chao1指数显著升高。与切根处理相比，切根并增温使土壤细菌群落结构发生显著改变。冗余分析显示，处理间细菌群落结构差异的主要调控因子为土壤温度、土壤含水量、土壤全磷和土壤全钾，其中土壤温度和土壤含水量的影响最大；土壤细菌群落对碳输入变化和增温的响应比真菌群落更为敏感。     

荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿灌丛的土壤微生物多样性

为了探究内蒙古荒漠草原中间锦鸡儿灌丛对土壤微生物群落的影响,采用传统培养法和分子生物学技术,比较中间锦鸡儿灌丛内外细菌、真菌和放线菌群的种群差异,并且分析土壤微生物群落与环境因子的关系.结果发现:中间锦鸡儿灌丛土壤微生物总数表现为细菌放线菌真菌;土壤微生物的数量和Shannon-Weiner指数均在表层土或次表层土中最大.这说明中间锦鸡儿灌丛土壤微生物具有明显的垂直分布异质性.灌丛内土壤微生物的数量和多样性均大于灌丛外的数值,Lysobacter、诺卡氏菌属只集中在灌丛内,这说明中间锦鸡儿灌丛能够影响土壤微生物的组成和多样性.冗余分析结果表明,土壤环境对中间锦鸡儿灌丛土壤细菌和真菌的影响较大,对放线菌没有显著影响,速效钾和硝态氮是影响土壤细菌和真菌的主要环境因素.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.