上扬子地区龙马溪组与筇竹寺组的差异性分析

通过对上扬子地区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组海相页岩储层特征的对比分析,认为2套地层在岩相古地理、有机质热演化程度、含气性和保存条件存在差异。差异对比的结果表明:龙马溪组页岩气富集区呈现连片式的相对连续分布,可通过TOC质量分数平面分布和构造活动强度筛选有利区,筇竹寺组页岩气富集区呈现孤立分散状,应该在弱改造、底板完整的地区筛选成熟度相对较低的区块进行有利区勘探。     

中上扬子地区龙马溪组页岩气成藏特征

为解中国南方海相页岩气成藏的基本特征,厘清成藏要素,建立符合中国复杂构造背景下页岩气储层选区评价指标等问题,借鉴美国页岩气储层评价指标,结合目前页岩气勘探评价成果,分析得出:中上扬子地区龙马溪组底部富有机质页岩储层分布连续、埋深适中、构造稳定,富有机质页岩在区域上分布连续,但含气性在局部表现为不连续;根据构造改造的程度,将中上扬子地区龙马溪组页岩分为构造改造区、靠近剥蚀区和构造稳定区三种类型.其中构造稳定区页岩储层表现为超压、含气量高,气井试采初期产量高,是中国中上扬子地区海相页岩气成藏的最有利区.     

中国南方页岩气牛蹄塘组与龙马溪组成藏条件对比研究——以渝东南地区为例

下寒武统牛蹄塘组与下志留统龙马溪组页岩是我国南方下古生界发育的两套富有机质黑色页岩,由于其分布面积广、厚度大、有机质丰度高的特点而成为页岩气勘探的重点层位。涪陵礁石坝页岩气田的发现标志着龙马溪组页岩气已取得了重大突破,但是牛蹄塘组页岩气至今还未取得实质性的突破。通过对渝东南两套富有机质黑色页岩的沉积环境、厚度、埋深、有机质丰度、类型、成熟度、岩矿特征,孔渗物性等方面的对比分析,发现两套页岩的差别主要体现在三个方面——孔渗物性、伊/蒙混层黏土矿物(I/S)的相对含量和热成熟度,其中成熟度的高低起着决定性的作用。在漫长的地质历史过程中,过高的热演化程度已严重影响了牛蹄塘组的微观孔隙结构和成岩作用,出现孔隙体积和比表面积均明显小于龙马溪组页岩的情况,不利于页岩气的吸附富集,从而导致了牛蹄塘组页岩的富气程度不如龙马溪组的结果。     

海相页岩优势储集相划分—以重庆周缘下志留统龙马溪组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为例

页岩岩相划分在中国南方海相页岩气的勘探开发过程中曾得到广泛研究,但由于在岩相划分过程中未考虑控制页岩有机质孔隙发育的热演化程度这一关键参数,从目前针对演化程度过高的海相页岩气的开发成果来看并不理想,因此页岩岩相划分并不适用于演化程度过高的海相页岩。提出基于页岩有机碳含量、储层热演化程度及有机质孔隙有效赋存空间组合的优势储集相概念及划分。页岩优势储集相是指储层的热演化程度、有机碳含量与有机质孔隙的组合。此次研究以重庆周缘下志留统龙马溪组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩为研究对象,选取岩心样品进行有机碳含量测试、等效镜质体反射率测定及聚焦离子束扫描电子显微镜(FIB-SEM)等实验,明确龙马溪组和牛蹄塘组页岩的总有机碳(TOC)含量、镜质体反射率(Ro)及不同岩相页岩内有机质孔隙发育等特征。结果表明:龙马溪组页岩的富泥硅质页岩和硅质页岩均发育大量有机质孔隙,而同样岩相的牛蹄塘组页岩样品均不发育有机质孔隙。页岩中的有机质孔隙发育受控于储层的热演化程度,与页岩的岩相特征并无关系。优势储集相划分结果表明:研究区龙马溪组页岩属于适宜演化富有机质储集相(RC-1),由于热演化程度适宜,TOC含量高,储层内部发育大量有机质孔隙,使烃类气体得到有效赋存;而牛蹄塘组页岩属于过演化富有机质储集相,虽然TOC含量高,但热演化程度过高,导致储层内部有机质孔隙大量消失,烃类气体无法有效赋存。页岩优势储集相概念的提出与划分可进一步为南方高—过成熟度海相页岩气的高效勘探开发提供更准确的参数指标。     

中上扬子区志留系龙马溪组页岩气勘探区优选

将中上扬子区志留系龙马溪组页岩与具有相似构造沉积背景的Fort Worth盆地Bar-nett页岩进行对比研究,揭示龙马溪组页岩与Barnett页岩的相似性和变形的差异性。结果表明,龙马溪组页岩与Barnett页岩具有相似的沉积背景、岩性组合和隆升演化模式,但龙马溪组页岩经历了多期构造变形的改造和叠加,不同构造单元的变形强度存在明显的差异,形成了不同的断裂组合及各种不同类型、不同规模的裂缝,构造变形很大程度上制约了中上扬子区龙马溪组页岩气的成藏和破坏。根据龙马溪组页岩现今的残存厚度,结合构造变形的强度,提出川南和川东鄂西页岩发育带均为有利的页岩气勘探潜力区带,但川南页岩发育带优于川东鄂西页岩发育带。两个有利勘探区带内变形相对较弱、远离断裂带和原生裂缝不甚发育区是页岩气富集成藏的有利区域,应为页岩气藏勘探的首选目标区。     

四川盆地及周缘地区牛蹄塘组页岩气概况及前景评价

探讨四川盆地及周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩的基础地质概况,并对牛蹄塘组页岩气前景进行评价。通过野外露头和盆地内的钻井资料分析,结果表明牛蹄塘组页岩除川西有剥蚀外,其他地区都有分布,且黑色页岩段厚度大,主要集中在下段;由川中地区向北、向东和向南3个方向分布,厚度一般在40m以上;有机碳含量高,多数地区有机碳的质量分数>2%;页岩已达成熟晚期—过成熟早期。该套页岩埋藏较深,演化时间长,保存条件复杂,因此勘探开发均有难度。四川盆地的西部、北部和东部,牛蹄塘组页岩埋深超过7km,只能作为页岩气勘探潜力区;勘探最有利的地区是川南地区,其次有利的地区为鄂西渝东地区。     

复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集差异性及其意义：以湘西北古生界为例

针对湘西北地区寒武系牛蹄塘组和奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组富有机质海相页岩勘探效果巨大差异,比较复杂地质条件区聚集特征,分析差异性原因,指出未来勘探方向。研究结果表明:1)牛蹄塘组页岩有机质质量分数w(TOC)及厚度异常高,明显比五峰组—龙马溪组的高;2)牛蹄塘组以热水沉积作用下的硅质页岩为主,黏土矿物以伊利石为主,而五峰组—龙马溪组以生物作用下的硅质页岩和硅质岩为主,黏土矿物主要为伊/蒙混层;3)牛蹄塘组储层中孔(孔径为2～50 nm)和小孔(孔径2 nm)更加发育,吸附能力比五峰组—龙马溪组的强;4)牛蹄塘组热演化程度高,主要生气期与燕山—喜山期构造运动时期相一致;5)牛蹄塘组含气量低,甲烷体积分数低,残余气体积分数超过65%;而五峰组—龙马溪组含气性较好,甲烷体积分数超过90%,解吸气体积分数超过50%。产生这种差异性的原因在于:不同的沉积环境影响页岩品质,尤其是w(TOC)及厚度;牛蹄塘组顶底板条件较差,影响页岩气保存;燕山—喜山期断裂与滑脱双重作用导致牛蹄塘组含气性较差。复杂地质条件区页岩气聚集的关键因素为:沉积条件控制页岩气聚集的物质基础,保存条件控制页岩气富集程度。未来牛蹄塘组勘探应该重视寻找"外源供给型"气藏,五峰组—龙马溪组应重视残留向斜内滑脱作用形成的"甜点区"。     

四川盆地页岩气藏和连续型-非连续型气藏基本特征

四川盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,发育了两套海相优质烃源岩(下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩,下志留统龙马溪组页岩),其有机质成熟度高(R_o=1.5%～6%),绝大多数地区普遍不利于页岩气藏的形成;另发育两套海陆过渡相(上二叠统龙潭组和上三叠统须家河组)优质烃源岩,其成熟度相对较低(R_o=0.7%～3%),在川西南-川南地区具有较有利的页岩气勘探前景.四川盆地页岩烃源岩排烃效率高, 为大规模油气藏提供了烃源;多存在晚期快速隆升调整过程, 为吸附气的解吸创造了条件.页岩气藏经历了早期地质条件优越、生物气高效成藏,中期深埋地腹、原油裂解气快速成藏,晚期快速隆升、脱溶气和解吸气调整成藏等过程.四川叠合盆地油气藏具有多样性特征, 发育了从非连续型到连续型完整序列的油气藏类型.典型的非连续型气藏主要是指构造圈闭(以及部分构造-岩性圈闭)气藏,其圈闭相对独立,非连续分布, 储集空间类型以孔隙型为主.震旦系威远气田、川东石炭系气田群及川东北下三叠统飞仙关组气藏群等具有相对典型的非连续型气藏特征.非连续型-连续型过渡气藏介于连续型气藏与非连续型气藏之间,呈分散状或连续状分布, 圈闭类型多以复合圈闭为主,可发育有裂缝圈闭(川东南二叠系阳新统气藏)及岩性圈闭(上三叠统须家河组气藏).储集空间以裂缝型或次生溶孔为主,非均质性强,普遍存在异常高压.四川盆地连续型气藏应以页岩气藏为主, 但现今未有成功勘探开发页岩气藏的实例.四川叠合盆地具有多旋回构造-沉积演化、优质烃源岩分布的区域性、储层的非均质性和天然气的活动性,及油气成藏经历了生物气、吸附气、裂解气、脱溶气和解吸气演替等多样性特征.因此,四川盆地的油气勘探和研究应形成常规与非常规、连续型与非连续型、原生与次生油气藏的立体勘探和研究局面, 尤其应加强非连续型-连续型过渡油气藏特征、形成机理和分布规律的研究.     

四川盆地F气田页岩气层高产地质要素分析

根据四川盆地F气田下志留统龙马溪组—上奥陶统五峰组岩心实验和测录井资料研究发现,富有机质页岩区内分布稳定,与美国Barnett、Marcellus页岩具有相似的地质特征;页岩气层每百米水平段平均无阻流量在5.0×104 m3/d以上,气层高产主要受厚度、有机质丰度、储层物性、含气量、气测烃含量、地层异常高压等地质因素控制。气层自身内在地质条件为其高产奠定了良好的物质基础,为今后国内页岩气勘探作业者在四川盆地及中上扬子地区寻找类似气藏提供了有益参考。     

四川盆地及周缘地区五峰—龙马溪组页岩气概况及前景评价

探讨四川盆地及周缘地区上奥陶统-下志留统五峰-龙马溪组黑色页岩的基础地质特征,并对该层页岩气前景进行评价。通过野外露头、钻井和地震剖面资料研究表明,四川盆地及周缘地区五峰-龙马溪组泥页岩分布于环乐山-龙女寺和黔中加里东古隆起地区,向川南、川北和川东方向逐渐变厚,厚度达200～500m;其中黑色页岩厚度的分布趋势与之相似,一般为20～80m。有机碳质量分数>1%,属腐泥型Ⅰ型干酪根,一般Ro>2%。黑色页岩段为海侵至最大海平面时的沉积产物,现今埋藏较浅,盆地内川南地区埋深1.5～3km,鄂西渝东地区埋深1.5～3km。川东及鄂西渝东过渡带埋深2～3.5km的黑色页岩段将是页岩气勘探的主要目标区,大巴山前缘是未来勘探的潜在有利区。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.